Ch 7. Bone Structure & Function

Compact bone makes up ______ of bone mass.

80%

Severe anemia can trigger the conversion of _____ bone marrow into _____ bone marrow.

Blank 1: yellow Blank 2: red

The hormone that is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children's blood calcium levels is

Calcitonin or calcitonin

A central canal of an osteon is also called a ______ canal.

Haversian

Which statements characterize bone remodeling? Multiple select question. It can be stimulated by stress on a bone. It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone. It stops between the ages of 25 and 35. It occurs at the same rate everywhere in the skeleton. It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids.

It can be stimulated by stress on a bone. It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone. It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids.

Which statements describe the matrix of bone? Multiple select question. It is harder than the matrix of cartilage. It is composed of organic and inorganic substances. It is composed of organic substances only. It is composed of inorganic substances only.

It is harder than the matrix of cartilage. It is composed of organic and inorganic substances.

______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone. Multiple choice question. Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts

Osteoclasts

Osteitis deformans is also called _____ disease.

Paget, Paget's, or Pagets

True or false: Bone growth begins during embryologic development.

T

A bone fracture is ______.

an abnormal break in a bone

A bone's growth in diameter is called _____ growth.

appositional

Covering the end of an epiphysis of a long bone is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the _____ cartilage.

articular

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering an epiphysis of a long bone is called ______.

articular cartilage

The end of a long bone is covered with ______.

articular cartilage

Calcium is required for ______. Multiple select question. blood clotting stimulation of digestion initiation of muscle contraction stimulation of the heart

blood clotting initiation of muscle contraction stimulation of the heart

The continual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal of old bone tissue is called ______.

bone remodeling

Acting as levers for movement is a function of ______.

bones

Which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?

calcitonin

The two primary hormones that regulate blood calcium are ______.

calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called ______.

canaliculi

Spongy bone is also called ______.

cancellous bone

Osteoclasts are ______.

cells that break down bone

The cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the ______.

central canal

The cells that produce most of the matrix of cartilage are called ______.

chondroblasts

Chondrocytes are ______.

chondroblasts that have become encased with matrix

Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called ______.

concentric lamellae

Bone is a type of ______ tissue.

connective

Osteoporosis is a disease of ______.

decreased bone mass

The elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its .

diaphysis

What is the elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone called?

diaphysis

The ______ epiphysis is the end of a long bone that is farthest from the trunk of the body.

distal

In a simple fracture, the broken bone ______ penetrate the skin.

does not

Bone remodeling begins during ______. Multiple choice question. childhood the teenage years adulthood embryologic development

embryologic development

The expanded end of a long bone is called the ______.

epiphysis

Which bones are produced by intramembranous ossification?

flat bones of the skull

Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification.

flat bones of the skull maxilla mandible

What is a blood clot within a bone fracture called?

fracture hematoma

What are breaks in bones called?

fractures

During bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to _____ hormone.

growth or somatotropin

A blood clot within a bone fracture is called a fracture

hematoma or clot

Donor bone marrow is most commonly harvested from the ______.

iliac crest

The function of parathyroid hormone is to ______.

increase blood calcium levels

Spongy bone is located ______ to compact bone.

internal

A long bone's growth in length is called ______.

interstitial growth

The flat bones of the skull are formed through ______ ossification.

intramembranous

Which statements describe an osteon? Multiple select question. it runs perpendicular to the diaphysis of a long bone it contains a central canal it is also called a Haversian system it runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone it is microscopic

it contains a central canal it is also called a Haversian system it runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone it is microscopic

Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone? Multiple select question. it contains parallel lamellae it contains many osteons it contains no osteons it contains concentric lamellae

it contains parallel lamellae it contains no osteons

Which statements correctly describe compact bone? Multiple select question. in flat bones, it is called diploe it is porous it forms the external walls of a long bone it contains trabeculae it is solid and relatively dense

it forms the external walls of a long bone it is solid and relatively dense

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called

lacunae or lacuna

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the .

medullary or marrow cavity or canal

Another name for the calcification of bone is

mineralization

Which statements characterize canaliculi? Multiple select question. they contain blood vessels nutrients pass through them they are lined with periosteum they contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions they extend from lacunae to lacunae

nutrients pass through them they contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions they extend from lacunae to lacunae

An osteoblast is an example of which type of component of bone?

organic component

Another term for bone tissue is ______ connective tissue.

osseous

The formation and development of bone is ______.

ossification

Osteitis deformans is caused by increased ______ activity. osteoprogenitor osteoblast osteoclast

osteoblast osteoclast

Mature bone cells sitting in lacunae are called ______.

osteocytes

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ______.

osteocytes

Decreased bone mass can cause a disease called

osteoporosis or osteopenia

Calcitonin is produced by the _____ cells in the thyroid gland.

parafollicular or C

The release of _____ hormone increases blood calcium levels.

parathyroid or PTH

Bone formation requires ______. Multiple select question. phosphate vitamin D vitamin B1 calcium

phosphate vitamin D calcium

Osteoblasts function to ______.

produce osteoid

The epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk is the _____ epiphysis.

proximal

Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of ______.

red blood cells

The diaphysis of a bone is the ______ of a bone.

shaft

The broken bone does not penetrate the skin in a ______.

simple fracture

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called _____ bone.

spongy

The second most common site to harvest bone marrow is the ______.

sternum

Functions of bone include ______. support blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) secretion of insulin mineral storage protection

support blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) mineral storage protection

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons? Multiple select question. they are rings of bone tissue their numbers vary among osteons they are also called canaliculi they contain collagen fibers they contain blood vessels and nerves

they are rings of bone tissue their numbers vary among osteons they contain collagen fibers

Which statements characterize central canals of osteons? Multiple select question. they contain blood vessels they are a cylindrical channel they contain osteocytes they contain nerves they are also called lacunae

they contain blood vessels they are a cylindrical channel they contain nerves

Which statements characterize osteoclasts? Multiple select question. they secrete osteoid they have ruffled borders they are phagocytic they secrete bone matrix

they have ruffled borders they are phagocytic

Which statements characterize osteocytes? they secrete osteoid they break down bone matrix they maintain bone matrix they reside in lacunae

they maintain bone matrix they reside in lacunae

Choose the bones formed through endochondral ossification. Multiple select question. vertebrae mandible upper limb bones lower limb bones flat bones of the skull

vertebrae upper limb bones lower limb bones

In adults, the medullary cavity contains ______ bone marrow.

yellow