Ch 7 Part 1
6.) How did Charlemagne govern such a vast territory?
He appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions. He gave them land so they could offer support and supply soldiers for his army.
17.) How did the Pope exert both his spiritual and temporal authority?
He claimed he was the representative of Christ on Earth, and headed an army of the clergy.
Identify and describe the Treaty of Verdun A.D. 843.
In 843, Charlemagne's grandsons drew up the Treaty of Verdun, which split the empire into 3 regions.
What was its status, as it neared its end?
It declined to a small area around Constantinople itself.
As with earlier groups, how did the Byzantine resistance to the Moslem armies benefit Europe and the West?
It gave a measure of security to the small, weak Germanic kingdoms that has divided up Western Europe after the fall of Rome.
What was the status of the Roman Catholic Church throughout most of the middle ages?
It grew stronger and wealthier.
4.) Despite the chaos after the "Fall," what were the advantages of Western Europe?
It had fertile land and other resources, such as timber, fur, and tin. In the early middle ages, gradual changes took place that would eventually bring a measure in order.
9.) How did the Church try to protect women?
It set a minimum age for marriage, and church courts sometimes fined men who seriously injured their wives.
How did monasteries and convents benefit the European economy?
It supported medieval life.
16.) What was the heart of the medieval economy?
Manor, or lord's estate.
11.) In addition to the Benedictine Rule, what were Benedict's other requirements for a spiritual life?
Manual Labour
Who did the Church offer as a model of the ideal women?
Mary.
What changed?
Medieval Christians later persecuted Jews.
7.) What new culture begins to emerge in Europe, as the Middle Ages progress?
Medieval civilization.
8.) What were the teachings of the medieval Church with respect to men and women?
Men and women are equal before God, but on earth, women were viewed as weak and easily led to sin.
What was the extent of this trade?
Merchants sold silks from China, wheat from Egypt, gems from Southeast Asia, and furs from Viking lands in the north.
1.) What does your text mean by the expression, "religion was woven into the fabric of the medieval world?"
Religion was a major aspect of life in the Middle Ages.
14.) What practices and beliefs did Christians in the East and West share?
Religious calendar, interpretation of the gospels, faith in the Bible, sacraments.
How does your text divide this time period?
The early middle ages(500-1050), and the late middle ages (1050-1350).
16.) Explain this statement, "The Emperor is equal to all men in the nature of his body, but in the authority of his rank, he is similar to God, who rules all."
The emperor is a man, but should be viewed as a God.
Identify and describe the feudal manor.
The feudal manor included one or more villages and the surrounding lands.
What was their role in the Manor system?
They lived and worked on the manor.
12.) What social services were provided by many nuns and monks, at their convents and monasteries?
They looked after the poor and sick and set up schools for children.
Describe these celebrations.
They might butcher an animal for feast, There's also dancing and ball games.
In addition to their sacramental role, what other key functions were carried out by priests?
They passed on church teachings and helped the sick and needy. If he could read or write, he would serve as the only teacher in the village.
24.) How was the working life of the European peasant farmer like that of the rest of the world?
They plowed in spring and autumn.
13.) What vital cultural function was served by the convents and monasteries of the Middle Ages.
They preserved the writings of the ancient world.
Yet in other ways the Church maintained a double standard against women. Explain.
They punished women more harshly than men for similar offences.
What progress did they make?
They reconquered North Africa, Italy, and the southern Iberian peninsula.
3.) Although the peoples of Europe continued to be divided by language, culture and government, what bound European civilization together?
They shared a common faith
4.) What was the reform approach taken by friars or monks, like those who followed in the steps of St. Francis of Assisi?
They travelled widely preaching to the poor.
8.) How did knights typically fight?
They usually fought on horseback using swords, axes, and lances, which were long poles. They wore armour and carried shields for protection.
Why did Church members contribute money to build these magnificent structures?
They were a source of pride to the communities that built them.
9.) How were the Germanic Tribal Kings chosen?
They were elected leaders, chosen by tribal councils.
12.) What was the fate of many Jews in Europe from 1096-1450?
They were expelled from Western Europe.
How were Popes, Archbishops and Bishops like feudal lords?
They were highly educated, so feudal rulers appointed them to government positions.
How was their culture different from the Roman?
They were mostly farmers or herders, so they had no cities or written laws. Instead, they lived in small communities governed by unwritten customs.
17.) In addition to raiders, what other vocations were pursued by the Vikings?
They were traders and explorers.
Why is it said the Byzantine peasants were the backbone of the economy?
They worked the land, paid taxes, and provided soldiers for the military.
5.) What was the focus of St. Dominic's reform efforts?
They worked to teach the people about official Christian doctrines so they would not be tempted into heresies.
What were the consequences of this effort?
This weakened the army, causing them to lose many of the lands they conquered.
What profession did nobles train for?
To become a knight
Why did Pope Gregory the Great (VII) ban this practice?
To end outside influence.
9.) Identify and describe the Palace School and Alcuin.
To ensure a supply of educated officials, Charlemagne set up a palace school and brought scholars there from all over. He asked a famous scholar, Alciun of York, to run his palace school.
10.) What was the purpose of the feudal castle? Explain.
To fortify their homes to withstand attack.
Identify and describe Missi Dominici.
To keep control of those provincial rulers, he sent out officials called Missi Dominici to check on roads, listen to grievences, and see that justice was done.
What was their intended purpose?
To limit feudal warfare.
8.) In general, how were Christians and Jews tolerated in Moslem controlled Spain?
Tolerant.
9.) What events, involving knights, began to occur around the 1100's?
Tournaments, or mock battles.
Given that analogy, then what were the muscles that powered the Byzantine economy?
Trade and industry.
7.) How long did the Byzantine Empire last after the "Fall of Rome" in the West?
1,000 years.
When does Constantinople fall?
1360
14.) When did Islam begin?
622 in Arabia
When did this expansionist pressure subside?
900s
11.) According to tradition, what did Justinian proclaim upon viewing the completed Hagia Sophia?
"O Solomon, I have surpassed you."
What did he hope this capital would become?
A "second Rome."
12.) Identify and describe Justinian's Code.
A Byzantine reformation of civil law created by Justinian by combining older ancient codes of law into one.
Why was this act so significant?
A Christian pope has crowned a Germanic king successor to the Roman emperors. He also revived Christendom.
6.) What were the early Middle Ages like for the people of Western Europe?
A harsh and difficult time.
Identify and describe Greek Fire.
A liquid that probably contained petroleum. Thrown at a person or object, it would ignite on contact, and its flame could not be put out with water.
1.) Identify and describe feudalism.
A loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords.
Define the term knight.
A mounted warrior
After re-establishing order, what new program did Justinian begin?
A program to make Constantinople grander than ever.
What enabled this military strength?
A prosperous economy.
What was the local Church, in addition to a religious center?
A social centre..
Justinian was an autocrat, define this term.
A sole ruler with complete authority.
22.) What is the physical description of a feudal manor?
A typical manor included cottages and huts clustered close together in a village. Nearby stood a water mill to grind grain, a church, and the lord's manor house. The fields surrounding the village were divided into narrow strips. Each family had strips of land in different fields so that good and bad land was shared evenly. Beyond the field for growing crops, there was pastures for animals and meadows that provided hay.
What types of problems could evolve in such a complex system?
A vassal who had pledged loyalty to several lords could have serious problems if his overlords quarreled with each other. What was he to do if both demanded his aid?
Identify and describe Hagia Sophia.
A very large cathedral in Constantinople that was made using Roman construction principles.
12.) In general how would you describe the property rights of noblewomen?
A woman's right to inheritance was severely restricted under the feudal system.
7.) Where did Charlemagne make his capital?
Aachen
2.) Who began the Church reform movement, in the early A.D. 900's?
Abbot Berno
What was the average life expectancy?
About 35
What was this medieval book about?
About people going on pilgrimages in spring.
7.) When did the training for a knight begin?
Age 7.
In this context, what are the Middle Ages often called?
Age of faith
How was it different?
Also blended Christian influences.
23.) What new opponent did the Byzantine Empire face in the 600s and 700s?
Arabs
How did Europeans view Muslim control of Spain and around the Mediterranean?
As a source of anxiety and anger.
How did some monks and nuns serve in the outside world?
As missionaries.
How did the two Churches view one another?
As rivals.
6.) How did the architecture of local Churches evolve over time?
At first, the village church was a simple building. Later, prosperous communities built larger churches of stone, not wood.
21.) Compare the size of the Byzantine Empire at its peak in A.D. 565, under Justinian, to that of A.D. 1020 and 1360.
At its peak, the empire stretched from Spain to Eastern Asia Minour, and as it declined, it shrunk to the lands around Constantinople.
Describe this training.
At the age of 7, a boy slated to become a knight was sent away to the castle of his father's lord. There, he learned to ride and fight. He also learned to keep his armour and weapons in good condition. Training was difficult and discipline was strict. Any laziness was punished with an angry blow or even a severe beating.
How would you describe her relationship with Justinian (more than husband and wife)?
At times, she even challenged the emperor's orders and pursued her own policies.
Who did the Pope send, in A.D. 597, to convert the Anglo-Saxons in England?
Augustine
What was the basis of this relationship?
Based on the exchange of land for loyalty and military service.
Identify Battle of Tours A.D. 732.
Battle between the Franks and Muslims over land.
Why was this term chosen?
Because it refers to the time between the ancient and modern worlds.
Why?
Because of the disorder and loss of Roman civilization.
Why?
Because power struggles erupted in the Middle East.
Why were some leaders, in Eastern Europe, more open to Jewish immigrants?
Because they welcome their skills and knowledge.
Why did Jews often fill the role of moneylenders?
Because they were barred from everything else.
How would you distinguish an order of nuns like the Poor Clares from the Beguines?
Beguines was for more public, and Clares was for select people.
9.) Who led Justinian's armies as they tried to fulfill his vision, of a restored Roman Empire?
Belisarius
What was the typical diet?
Black bread and vegetables such as cabbage, turnips, and onions. They seldom had meat-that was reserved for the lord. Peasants who poached, or illegally killed wild game on their lord's manor, risked harsh punishment. If they lived near a river, peasants might add fish to their diet.
2.) How would you describe the feudal relationship between vassal and lords?
Both political and economic.
2.) How did the Church seek to spread Christianity, throughout Europe, in the early Middle Ages?
By sending missionaries
What was the impact of this reformation of Roman law, during the Byzantine Empire, during the Middle Ages and today?
By the 1100's, it had reached Western Europe. There, monarchs modelled their laws on its principles, which would slowly, over many centuries, help them to centralize their power. Later, the code also guided legal thinkers who began to put together the international law in use today.
What term is used to describe this Eastern Roman Empire?
Byzantine Empire
2.) As economic problems and Germanic tribes pounded the Western Empire, where did Constantine build his new capital in A.D. 330?
Byzantium
7.) What is the term for the larger Churches run by Bishops, who also oversaw all the local parishes in their region or dioceses?
Cathedrals.
6.) What wildly popular event took place at the Hippodrome?
Chariot Races
1.) Who was the grandson of Charles Martel, who would become King of the Franks in A.D. 768 (name in French and English)?
Charlemagne, or Charles the Great.
15.) How did chivalry affect the status of women?
Chivalry raised women to a new status.
15.) What formerly Christian territories had the Muslim Empire conquered by 732?
Christian lands from Palestine to North Africa and Spain.
4.) How much influence did Christianity have on the daily lives of medieval Europeans?
Christian rituals and faith were part of the fabric of everyday life.
What was the status of Jews, in northern Europe, in the early middle ages?
Christians and Jews often lived side by side in relative peace.
What were some of the motivations behind the growing anti-Semitism of medieval Europe?
Christians saw Jews as unfamiliar people and were suspicious of their culture and beliefs
25.) What were some occasions for peasant celebrations?
Christmas and Easter.
What factors allowed them to increase their influence over the other nobles of Europe?
Church officials were often relatives of secular rulers.
What Frankish King would conquer the former Roman province of Gaul?
Clovis
What is the meaning and derivation of the term Medieval?
Comes from the Latin term for "middle age".
3.) What was the vital center of the Byzantine Empire?
Constantinople
What will he name this new capital?
Constantinople
What specific differences will lead to the schism of 1054?
Controversies about icons, Different languages, priests could marry in East.
What term has been applied to this early portion of the Middle Ages?
Dark ages,
1.) What happened to the Church as its wealth and power grew?
Discipline weakened.
Why was/is Mary so beloved amongst Christians?
During the Middle Ages, Mary was a popular figure with many Christians who saw her as a sympathetic figure with the powers to help them in their struggles.
Identify and describe the two types of authority of the medieval Church.
East-Greek Orthodox, ran by Patriarch. West-Roman Catholic, ran by Pope.
Where did many of them go?
Eastern Europe.
Where (so what are they called collectively)?
Eastern France(Frankish or French).
Identify and describe Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Eleanor of Aquitaine took an active hand in politics. Eleanor inherited vast lands in Southwestern France. Through two marriages, she became queen of France and, later, queen of England. For more than 50 years, Eleanor was a leading force in European affairs.
What was the extent of its circulation?
England to China.
What made these Papal weapons so terrifying? Explain.
Even the strongest ruler was likely to give in rather than force interdict, which might cause revolts by the people under his rule.
Why?
Harvest was exhausted.
4.) Explain the socio/economic/political pyramid that was feudalism.
Everyone had a place in medieval feudal society. At the top of the power structure stood the monarch. Below the monarch were the most powerful lords, who might have had titles such as duke or count. They held the largest fiefs. Each of these lords had vassals, and these vassals in turn had their own vassals. In many cases, the same man was both vassal and lord-vassal to a more powerful lord above him and lord to a less powerful vassal below him.
What actions will Popes and Patriarchs take against one another?
Excommunicate each other.
19.) Identify and describe Excommunication and Interdict.
Excommunication-cut off from the church and its sacraments. Interdict-an order excluding an entire town, region, or kingdom from receiving most sacraments and Christian burial.
Define the terms fief and feudum.
Feudum is the estate that the vassal owns. They can range from a few acres to hundreds of square miles. Fief is the Anglo-Saxon word for Feudum.
2.) How did Charlemagne spend much of his 46 year reign?
Fighting
Why?
Fighting was lessening.
Identify and describe these early reforms
First, he revived the Benedictine Rule, which required views of obedience, poverty, and chastity. He then encouraged good monks to follow solely religious pursuits and refused to allow nobles or bishops to interfere in monastery affairs.
Why did Charlemagne place such importance on the education of his nobles and their children?
For him, education also served to strengthen his empire as he saw the need for clear records and reports.
23.) Describe the life of the typical peasant in some detail.
For most peasants, life was harsh. Men, women, and children worked long hours, from sunup to sundown. During planting season, a man might guide an ox-drawn plow through the fields while his wife walked alongside, urging the ox on with a pointed stick. Children helped in the fields, planting seeds, weeding, and taking care of the pigs and sheep.
What nation would this territory become much later?
France
What territories were a part of his empire?
France, Germany, and parts of Italy.
10.) What was the strongest and most successful of the Germanic kingdoms?
Franks
When?
From 527 to 565
Who was the author of the Canterbury Tales?
Geoffrey Chaucer
Why?
Germanic invaders pounded the Roman Empire in the west, and there was wealthiness and trade routes increased.
8.) What are some of the Germanic tribes who conquered parts of the Roman Empire in the West?
Goths, Vandals, Saxons, and Franks.
15.) Define the term schism.
Great divide within the Christian world.
What is the meaning and derivation of this name?
Hagia Sophia means in Greek, "Holy Wisdom".
Even so, what was his legacy?
He extended Christian civilization into northern Europe and furthered the blending of Germanic, Roman, and Christian traditions. He also set up a system for strong, efficient government. Later medieval rulers looked to his example when they tried to strengthen their own kingdom.
15.) In addition to his military, political and economic authority, what was another key source of Justinian's power?
He had power over the church.
3.) How did Charlemagne assist Pope Leo III in A.D. 799?
He helped aid the pope against his rebellious nobles in Rome.
What was the justification for Popes claiming Papal Supremacy? Explain this term.
He is the representative of Christ on Earth.
5.) What was the goal of Charlemagne?
He set out to exercise control over his lands, and create a untied Christian Europe.
With what results?
He was a succesful conqueror who reunited much of the old Roman empire in Europe.
How was his authority in this area described?
He was deemed Christ's co-ruler on Earth.
What was his vision?
He was determined to revive Ancient Rome by retaking lands that had been overrun by invaders.
How did the Byzantine Emperor react to Pope Leo III's crowning of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans?
He was outraged.
10.) What ultimately was the fate of Charlemagne's Empire?
His empire would crumble.
Who assisted him in his rule of the Byzantine Empire?
His large bureaucracy.
11.) Who took the throne upon Charlemagne's death in A.D. 814?
His son Louis I
Who do you think will aggressively challenge this claim?
His wife.
Where do they finally settle?
Hungary
Identify and describe St. Benedict and the Benedictine Rule?
In about 530, a monk named Benedict organized the monastery of Monte Casino in Central Italy. He created rules to negotiate monastic life. In time, the Benedictine Rule was used by monasteries and convents across Europe. under the Benedictine Rule, monks and nuns took three vows. The first was obedience to the abbot or abbess who headed the monastery or convent. The second was poverty, or giving up worldly goods, and the third was chastity, or purity. Each day was divided up into periods for worship, work, and study.
14.) Identify and describe the Magyars.
In about 900, a new wave of nomadic people, the Magyars, overran eastern Europe and attacked the Byzantine empire. They moved on to plunder Germany, parts of France, and Italy
12.) Why did Clovis convert to Christianity?
In doing so, he not only earned his subject's support, but he also gained a powerful ally in the pope, the leader of the Christian church of Rome.
What circumstances allowed this system to evolve?
In exchange, these lesser lords pledged service and loyalty to the greater land.
Identify and describe the Abbess Hildegard of Bingen.
In the 1100's, Hildegard of Bingen served as abbess, heading her own convent. She composed religious music, wrote scholarly books, and had visions of the future.
14.) Identify and describe feudal codes of chivalry?
In the later Middle Ages, knights adopted a code of conduct called chivalry. Chivalry required knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word. In warfare, they had to fight fairly. For example, a knight agreed not to attack another knight before the opponent had a chance to put on his armour. Warriors also had to treat a captured knight well or even release him if he promised to pay his ransom.
What will be the long term consequences of Charlemagne's new title (2)?
In the long run, the crowning of Charlemagne would deepen an already growing split between the eastern and western Christian worlds. Perhaps even more important, the crowning sowed the seeds for a long and desperate power struggle between later popes and Germanic emperors.
13.) As the Franks and other Germanic tribes were carving up Western Europe, what new force swept out of the Middle East and across the Mediterranean world?
Islam
18.) What impact did the Eastern Church have on the Byzantine Empire? Examples?
It became the official religion of the Byzantine empire.
4.) How did the location of Constantinople make it the busiest and wealthiest market place in Europe?
It commanded key trade routes linking Europe and Asia
With what eventual consequence?
It will be unbanned.
How will the epic stories and poems of the troubadours affect later cultures?
It would shape our modern ideas of romantic love.
What were the practical limitations of these codes?
It's elaborate rules applied to novels only, not commoners.
What were some of the indignities suffered by medieval European Jews, which were renewed in Nazi Germany?
Jews were required to were identifying clothing, and live in ghettos.
8.) Under which emperor did the Byzantine Empire reach its greatest size?
Justinian
24.) Summarize the achievements of Justinian?
Justinian made the Byzantine one of the most powerful and greatest empires of all time. He protected Western European villages and tribes, spread Roman and Greek cultures around the ancient world, contributed to the rise of Christianity, held off other great empires, spread the Bezant as a currency, built large religious buildings, such as the Hagia Sophia, but most importantly, made his own code of law by combining ancient codes of law from older ancient empires. Today, his code of law serves as the basis for international law.
18.) What factors have historians described as contributing to the development of the feudal economic system called manorialism?
Kings and emperors in Western Europe had become too weak to provide security. Trade declined sharply. Local communities had to become self-sufficient economic systems capable of meeting their own needs. These communities were manors.
What features are often the best remembered from this period?
Knights on horseback and towering gothic cathedrals.
What were the norms?
Land usually passed down to the eldest son in the family.
When was hunger common?
Late winter.
13.) What is the formal title for Justinian's Code (both Latin and English)?
Latin-Corpus Juris Civilis, English-Body of Civil Law
Identify and describe Leif Erikson.
Leif Erikson set up a short-lived Viking colony on the continent of North America in about the year 1000. Other vikings opened trade routs that linked northern Europe to Mediterranian lands.
Define the term vassal.
Lesser lords, likely knights.
13.) Describe the training and responsibilities of feudal noblewomen.
Like their brothers, the daughters of nobles were sent to friends or relatives for training. Before her parents arranged her marriage, a young woman was expected to know how to spin and weave and how to supervise servants. A few learned to read and write. In her role as wife, a noblewoman was expected to bear many children and be dutiful to her husband.
20.) How did the manor system support feudalism?
Lords and knights relied on their estates to provide them with food, lodging, horses, armour, weapons, money, and time to train for war.
1.) What is the term for the centuries, in Europe, following the "Fall of Rome?"
Middle Ages
1.) What is the general term used by historians to describe the 1,000 year period between the "Fall of Rome" in the West and the Renaissance?
Middle Ages, or Medieval Times
10.) During the middle ages, where did some men and women go in order to withdraw from worldly life and pursue a life of prayer?
Monasteries and Convents
5.) What type of art is depicted in the text's image of the Hagia Sophia Cathedral?
Mosaic
2.) What territories did Rome include at its peak, in the West?
Most of western europe.
Examples?
Most peasants never ventured more than a few miles from their village. They had no school and no knowledge of a larger world outside.
Against whom?
Muslims in Spain, Saxons in the north, Avars and Slavs in the east, and Lombards in Italy.
12.) What groups invaded Western Europe from A.D. 700-1,000?
Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings.
19.) Identify and describe serfs.
Non slaves who worked on the feudum, and once the feudum was sold, they were sold.
Define the term Pagans.
Non-Christians
What other problems did monks, nuns and priests face?
Nuns ignored their vows, and priests were allowed to marry, and devoted less time to the church and more to family.
20.) How does your text rate the power of the Byzantine armed forces?
One of the strongest military forces in the world.
What factors would contribute to the growing divide between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine Christians (A.K.A. Byzantine Catholic, Eastern or Greek Orthodox Church)?
One used icons and one used paper supremacy.
What restrictions limited the peasants' use of the manor land?
Only the lord has the right to chop wood or hunt animals in the forests that lay beyond the cleared land.
Contrast this with foot soldiers?
Other soldier fought on foot using daggers, spears, crossbows, and longbows.
Describe its general development during the 200 years that followed?
Over the next 200 years, Muslims, or belivers in Islam, built a huge empire and created a majour new civilization.
Identify and describe St. Patrick and St. Augustine.
Patrick-Monk who set up the church in Ireland for the Celtic people. Augustine-Monk who set up the church in England for the Anglo-Saxon people.
20.) Identify and describe the Peace of God and the Truce of God.
Peace of God-made certain people and places off limits for attack (Priests, Peasants, Church lands). Truce of God-established certain times when fighting was prohibited (Friday to Sunday, religious holidays).
17.) Who made up the majority of the medieval population?
Peasants.
Identify and describe relics and pilgrimages, in this context.
Relics-the possessions or remains of saints or other holy figures. Pilgrimages-journeys to a sacred place, to pray or touch the relics.
22.) What powerful opponents did the Byzantine Empire withstand, throughout their history?
Persians, Slavs, Vikings, Huns, Arabs, and Turks.
Who was the head of this western Church?
Pope
3.) Which Pope extended the reforms from Cluny to the Church as a whole, in A.D. 1073?
Pope Gregory VII
10.) Identify and describe anti-Semitism.
Prejudice against Jews.
Define the term dowry.
Property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage.
What became a key part of this effort?
Reviving Latin learning.
10.) What events overtook Constantinople in A.D. 532?
Riots and a devastating fire swept Constantinople
15.) What is the term for the Church in the West following the split of 1054?
Roman Catholic Church
17.) What are the respective parts of the Christian Church called after the Great Schism of 1054?
Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox.
11.) Although Clovis ruled Gaul according to Frankish custom, what legacy did he preserve?
Roman legacy
What was the Roman impact on these regions?
Rome unified the region and spread classical ideas, the Latin language, and Christianity to the tribal peoples of western Europe. But Rome was a Mediterranian power.
What pagan groups will Charlemagne "convert" within his empire?
Saxons and Slavs.
Where did they come from?
Scandinavia
What else was done at this school besides teaching?
Scholars were set to work copying ancient manuscripts, including the Bible and Latin works of history, and science.
In theory what were the mutual obligations between the peasants and their manorial lord?
Serfs had to work several days a week farming the lord's lands. They also repaired his roads, bridges, and fences. Serfs had to ask for the lord's permission to marry. Serfs paid the lord a free when they inherited their father's acres or when they used the local mill to grind grain. Other payments fell due at Christmas and Easter. Because money had largely disappeared in late Roman times, peasants had to pay fees with products such as grain, honey, eggs, or chickens.
How did this serve Europe and the West?
Served as a buffer by absorbing the brunt of invasions from the east.
How is this a reminder of the Byzantine Empire's Roman heritage?
Similar to Circus Maximus in Rome.
8.) Why did Charlemagne keep a slate and chalk next to his bed?
So he could practice making letters.
What were the exceptions?
Sometimes woman did inherit fiefs, and if her husband died before her, a women gained rights to her land.
16.) Although the Muslim armies were defeated at the Battle of Tours, what European territory did they retain?
Spain
5.) Identify and describe tithe.
Tax paid each year to the church.
21.) What does your text mean when it describes the medieval manor as a self-sufficient world?
That is, the peasants who lived there produced almost everything they needed, from food and clothing to simple furniture and tools.
17.) Despite tensions and conflict, how did Europeans benefit from the Muslim culture?
The Arabs knowledge in many areas, especially science and math, was extensive and exceeded their own.
18.) How much influence did the Emperor and his bureaucracy have on the Byzantine economy?
The Byzantine Empire flourished under a strong and central government, which exercised strict control over a prosperous economy.
16.) Identify and describe the Great Icon dispute.
The Byzantine emperor outlawed praying to religious images.
Why?
The Byzantine emperor saw himself as the sole ruler of Rome.
19.) Identify and describe the Bezant.
The Byzantine gold coin stamped with the emperor's image that served as a currency for them.
14.) What became the most powerful institution in Europe during the middle ages?
The Church
9.) What are the text cited restrictions often placed on Jews, by the medieval Church and local rulers?
The Church and local rulers barred Jews from many occupations such as trade and handicrafts. They were also forbidden from owning land.
18.) Identify and describe Canon Law.
The Church's body of law.
6.) Identify and describe Godfrey of Bouillon.
The Frankish king Godfrey of Bouillon helped lead the first crusade. He refused the title of King of Jerusalem but accepted the crown, Songs described him as a "perfect Christian knight."
With whom will this ban put him in conflict?
The German emperor.
What happens when Roman influence declines?
The Germanic peoples, who ended Roman rule in the west, shifted the focus to the north. There, the peoples of Europe would begin to create a new civilization, building on the legacy of Rome.
3.) What is the trend per century from B.C. 5 to A.D. 800?
The Roman population decreases.
21.) What are the connections between the Judeo-Christian legacy and the eventual developments of republican forms of government which emphasized democracy and human rights?
The blending of Judeo-Christian teaching much later were called Judeo-Christian ideas. The teachings of these religions, along with Ancient Greek and Roman ideas about law and government, would lead to new ways of thought. In time, these ideas become the basis for republican forms of government in the modern world that emphasized democracy and human rights and rejected the power of hereditary rulers.
What was at the center of this faith?
The church
How does the Church, of the later Middle Ages, change so that the chances of another Abbess Hildegard were diminished?
The church began to restrict the activities of nuns, and withdrew some rights also.
Why did the medieval Church ban usury?
The church saw it as stealing.
Identify and describe its location.
The city was located on the shores of the Bosporus, a strait that links the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
13.) Define Christendom.
The ideal of a united Christian Community.
4.) Define Christendom.
The ideal of a untied Christian community.
14.) How did Justinian view his Corpus Juris Civilis?
The law means to unite the empire.
In addition to the land, what else was a part of the fief or feudum?
The peasants that work the land, as well as any towns or buildings in it.
What happened on Christmas Day A.D. 800?
The pope placed a crown on Charlemagne's head and proclaimed him emperor of the Romans.
11.) Define usury.
The practice of lending money and charging interest.
What was the main point of contact for these people with the Church?
The priest of the parish, or local religion.
3.) Identify and describe the feudal contract?
The relationship between lord and vassal grew out of custom and tradition and involved an exchange of pledges known as the feudal contract..
What were the advantages of this location?
The rivers provided a source of water and a majour trade route.
Identify and describe the Seven Sacraments.
The sacred rites of the Church. Christians believed that they needed the sacraments to achieve salvation, or the deliverance from sin into everlasting life
Define simony.
The selling of church offices
16.) Look at the text image of a Viking ship. What do you see that, at least in part, accounts for the Viking title cited in #15?
The size of the ship itself.
How did these structures evolve over time?
The strongholds would gradually become larger and grander.
Define the term liege lord.
The vassals lord who he owed his first loyalty.
17.) Identify and describe Theodora.
The wife of Justinian, who as a shrewd politician, served as an adviser and co-ruler to Justinian.
What was the status of these Germanic tribes between A.D. 400-700?
These Germanic tribes carved western Europe into small kingdoms.
6.) How did some medieval women respond to the call for Church reform?
They became Dominican nuns or joined orders like the Poor Clares, which was linked to the Fransicians.
What is the meaning of the expression "worldly lives" of the clergy?
They became more powerful and richer.
How was the culture of this empire like that of the old Roman Empire?
They blended Greek and Roman cultures.
How did the emperors after Constantine add to the defenses of Constantinople?
They built an elaborate system of land and sea walls to bolster its defences.
13.) What was the status of the Muslim Empire in Western Europe in the 800's?
They conquered the island of Sicily, which became a thriving centre of Muslim culture.
Contrast this with what was happening in the West?
They devalued their own currency in the west.
What were the practical consequences of these practices?
They developed new farming methods.
What were the respective duties and responsibilities of the manor lord and his peasants?
Under the manor system, the lord of the manor exercised legal and economic power over the peasants who lived on the estate. The lord administered justice and provided land and protection. In return, peasants owed their lord labor and goods.
16.) Identify and describe the Papal States.
Vast lands in Central Italy ruled by the Pope.
15.) What group earns the title as the "most destructive raiders of Western Europe?"
Vikings
What was the extent of Viking exploration and settlement efforts?
Vikings also settled in England, Northern France(Normandy), Ireland, and parts of Russia.
5.) What was one constant of the middle ages and became a way of life for both lords and their vassals?
Warfare
5.) What happened to the provinces of Western Europe as Rome declined and withdrew (6 things)?
Waves of invaders swept in, Roman civilization slowly disappeared, wars raged constantly, trade slowed to a trickle, towns emptied, and learning virtually ceased.
What did warriors receive in return for their loyalty to the King?
Weapons and a share in the plunder taken from defeated enemies.
7.) What ancient world event led to the scattering of Jewish communities throughout the Western Roman Empire?
When Rome put down the Jewish uprising in AD 70.
Identify and describe the Battle of Tours and Charles Martel.
When a Muslim army crossed into France, Charles Martel rallied Frankish warriors. At the battle of Tours in 732, Christian warriors triumphed. To them, the victory was a sign that God was on their side.
What impact did they have on Charlemagne's Empire?
When they took to the seas, they snapped the last threads of unity in Charlemagne's empire.
11.) What role did noblewomen play in the feudal warrior society?
While her husband was off fighting, the "lady of the manour" took over his duties. She supervised vassals, managed the household, and performed necessary agricultural and medical tasks. Sometimes she might even have to go to war to defend her estate.
What took place at the conclusion of the knight's training?
With his training finished, the youth was named a knight, often in a public ceremony. An older knight or the boy's future lord said words like these, "In the name of God, Saint Michael, and Saint George, I dub thee knight; Be brave and loyal." Then the youth knight took place beside his other warriors.
How were non-Christians generally viewed by this European civilization?
With suspicion and hostility
Identify and describe troubadours.
Wondering music poets.
