Ch 7 Psychosocial, Cognitive, Moral Development

27. The nurse is assessing an adult client for the presence of Piaget's formal operations stage of development. What assessment question should the nurse ask the client? A) How do you usually go about making difficult decisions? B) Do you consider yourself to be an intelligent person? C) How would you describe your relationship with authority figures? D) In relationships, do you consider yourself to be a 'giver' or a 'taker'?

A) How do you usually go about making difficult decisions?

25. What statement by a middle-aged adult would most clearly suggest successful achievement of Erikson's central task during this stage of development? A) I'm doing a lot of volunteering in order to give back to the community. B) I've started to exercise more regularly so that I don't put on extra weight. C) I socialize with my coworkers a lot more than I did when I was younger. D) Overall, my marriage is likely stronger than it was when we first got married.

A) I'm doing a lot of volunteering in order to give back to the community.

5. The nurse is applying Piaget's theory of development to a client's health history. This approach to analysis will prioritize what activity on the part of the client? A) Learning B) Imitating C) Indulging D) Desiring

A) Learning

4. An infant was removed from her home by social services because of the dangerous and neglectful conditions that existed. According to Erikson, failure of the infant to resolve the central crisis of infancy may lead to what personality characteristics later in life? A) Suspicion and fear B) Aggression and antagonism C) Dependency and relational entanglement D) Depression and introversion

A) Suspicion and fear

18. What assessment finding would most clearly suggest to the nurse that a young adult client has failed to attain normal development within Piaget's framework? A) The client has difficulty understanding abstract reasoning in written form. B) The client has a recent history of tumultuous interpersonal relationships. C) The client is often defiant toward authority figures. D) The client is unwilling to accept responsibilities in the workplace.

A) The client has difficulty understanding abstract reasoning in written form.

6. The nurse is analyzing the data obtained from a client interview. When applying the principles of Kohlberg's theory of development, the nurse should prioritize data related to what domain? A) The client's moral behavior B) The client's relationships C) The client's health D) The client's sexual identity

A) The client's moral behavior

1. The nurse is assessing a client's psychosocial development in light of Freud's theory. The nurse would interpret the client's status as the outcome of conflict between what variables? A) Cultural norms and personality traits B) Biological desires and social expectations C) Sexual desires and relational desires D) Sociocultural norms and health needs

B) Biological desires and social expectations

24. The nurse's assessment suggests that a 10-year-old has failed to achieve Erikson's central task of this stage of development. What nursing diagnosis should most likely be included in the child's plan of care? A) Risk for injury B) Chronic low self-esteem C) Fear D) Disturbed thought processes

B) Chronic low self-esteem

13. The nurse is applying the principles of Freud's theory of psychosocial development during the health assessment of a young adult client. What assessment question is most likely to elicit data that are meaningful within this theoretical framework? A) Do you have a sufficient number of friends? B) Do you have a satisfying sexual relationship? C) How do you feel about your cultural background? D) Do you consider yourself to be a good person?

B) Do you have a satisfying sexual relationship?

7. The nurse is working with an older adult client and is attempting to determine whether the client deems her life to have been meaningful and valuable. As well, the nurse has addressed the client's acceptance of the inevitability of death. This nurse's actions are best understood within the ideas of which theorist? A) Freud B) Erikson C) Piaget D) Kohlberg

B) Erikson

29. A school nurse is working with kindergarten students. Within Kohlberg's framework of moral development, the nurse should recognize that these students' moral reasoning is primarily motivated by which of the following? A) An innate conscience B) Fear of the negative consequences of individual actions C) Motivation to exhibit behaviors that are culturally normalized D) Adherence to basic moral beliefs

B) Fear of the negative consequences of individual actions

17. When appraising a young adult's psychosocial development within the framework of Erikson's theory, what question should guide the nurse's data collection and analysis? A) Can the client successfully solve problems? B) Has the client successfully achieved intimacy? C) Has the client learned to trust others? D) Can the client teach life skills to others?

B) Has the client successfully achieved intimacy?

19. Assessment of an older adult client suggests that the client does not possess formal operational thinking. Within Piaget's framework of development, what nursing diagnosis is the most likely consequence of this developmental deficit? A) Spiritual distress B) Ineffective health maintenance C) Ineffective sexuality pattern D) Risk for suicide

B) Ineffective health maintenance

14. The nurse is assessing a young adult client in light of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. During this life stage, what assessment finding would most clearly suggest a lack of successful development? A) The client is dissatisfied with her current job. B) The client describes herself as lonely and isolated. C) The client has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. D) The client had a child when she was in her late teens.

B) The client describes herself as lonely and isolated.

30. The school nurse has learned that a 14-year-old student is having social difficulties. According to Erikson, what is the most likely source of this child's stress? A) The student is experiencing moral dilemmas. B) The student is having difficulty creating an identity. C) The student is experiencing a sexual crisis. D) The student having difficulty understanding the viewpoints of others.

B) The student is having difficulty creating an identity.

2. A client admits to the nurse that she feels guilty for not providing more direct care for her ill mother. According to Freud, the moral component of this client's feelings results from which of the following? A) Defense mechanisms B) The superego C) The id D) The ego

B) The superego

26. The nurse is assessing an adult client's self-image during the health history interview. What assessment question is most likely to elicit meaningful data? A) What are the activities that give you the most joy? B) What would you describe as your main strengths and weaknesses? C) Do you consider yourself to be a particularly religious person? D) What actions are you taking to improve your life?

B) What would you describe as your main strengths and weaknesses?

11. During the health interview of a new client, the nurse has explored the client's decision- making strategies. These data are most essential to the developmental theory of which theorist? A) Freud B) Kohlberg C) Piaget D) Erikson

C) Piaget

9. The nurse is conducting a health interview and is addressing the client's current stressors. What is the primary rationale for including stress as a focus of psychosocial assessment? A) Stress provides the main impetus for psychosocial development and adaptation. B) Psychosocial development cannot progress normally in the presence of stress. C) Psychosocial stress has a major influence on health in many domains. D) The results of the health interview are distorted when the client is experiencing stress.

C) Psychosocial stress has a major influence on health in many domains.

21. When applying Kohlberg's theory of moral development to the status of an older adult client, on what assessment finding would the nurse focus? A) The relationship between the client's stated beliefs and his actions B) The client's ability to discern the motivations of others C) The client's adherence to rules, laws, and norms D) The client's ability to tolerate differing views

C) The client's adherence to rules, laws, and norms

10. The nurse is conducting a health interview and has asked the client, How would you describe yourself to others? The client's response informs the nurse's assessment of which of the following? A) The client's morality and honesty B) The client's aspirations C) The client's self-concept D) The client's superego

C) The client's self-concept

28. The nurse has observed that a client adheres rigidly to the norms of her family and her culture. In the context of Freud's theory of development, this pattern of behavior is attributable to the action of what component of personality? A) The id B) The ego C) The superego D) The identity

C) The superego

3. A school nurse who provides care in a middle school works exclusively with adolescents. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what task will underlie much of the students' behavior? A) Exerting influence over others B) Evaluating the merits of their parents' beliefs C) Appraising religious dogma D) Establishing a personal identity

D) Establishing a personal identity

22. During the health interview, a client demonstrates the ability to describe healthy and unhealthy aspects of her thinking patterns. The nurse would conclude that this client has attained which level of development within Piaget's framework? A) Circular operational B) Preoperational C) Concrete operational D) Formal operational

D) Formal operational

15. What action on the part of a middle-aged client would best exemplify Erikson's concept of generativity? A) Being able to accurately evaluate the merits of others' ideas B) Emphasizing the importance of one's knowledge and skill set C) Consistently increasing one's income D) Guiding and mentoring individuals who are younger

D) Guiding and mentoring individuals who are younger

23. Assessment reveals that a young adult has failed to achieve Erikson's central task of his current stage of development. What nursing diagnosis would the nurse associate most closely with this finding? A) Risk for compromised human dignity B) Anxiety C) Ineffective sexuality pattern D) Social isolation

D) Social isolation

12. The nurse is assessing an older adult's psychosocial development with reference to Freud's theory of development. What observation by the nurse would most clearly suggest healthy development within this theoretical framework? A) The client is able to describe challenges that he has overcome. B) The client has eliminated conflictual relationships from his life. C) The client is able to delegate care to others when necessary. D) The client appears to have dealt effectively with recent losses.

D) The client appears to have dealt effectively with recent losses.

20. The nurse has identified abnormal findings when reviewing a young adult client's health history. Within Kohlberg's theory of psychosocial development, what behavioral characteristic is the nurse most likely to observe? A) The client has difficulty trusting others. B) The client is easily manipulated by others. C) The client is unable to weigh options when presented with a dilemma. D) The client makes decisions without considering the impact on others.

D) The client makes decisions without considering the impact on others.

16. The nurse's interview with an older adult client reveals that he bitterly regrets some of the financial decisions that he made when he was younger. The nurse recognizes that unless the client is able to accept these undesirable aspects of life, what outcome is likely? A) The client will adopt antisocial behaviors late in life. B) The client will die prematurely. C) The client will gradually abandon significant relationships. D) The client will live with despair during his final years of life.

D) The client will live with despair during his final years of life.

8. The nurse is assessing a client's cultural identity and affiliation during the health interview. How best can the nurse elicit this information? A) What are your race and culture? B) Would you describe yourself as American? C) How would you describe your cultural values? D) With which cultural group do you most closely identify?

D) With which cultural group do you most closely identify?