Ch. 8 (&7) circulatory system
Describe some disorders of the circulatory system learned in class.
Atherosclerosis Heart Attacks Angina Pectoris Congestive Heart Failure Embolism Stroke
P wave:
The spread of the lectricle signals through the atrium, the picked up by the the relay station (AV Node) send through the ventricle
What accounts for the "heart sounds" (lub-Dupp)?
Sounds due to vibractions in the heart chambers and blood vessels when heart valves close (two different sounds when the valves close at different times, AV Valves close then Semilunar Valves close) Lub: occurs when A-V valves close. (when the AV close the blood hits against on the underside of the AV Valves, there is a vibration in the chambers which cause Lub noise) Dupp/Dub: Occurs when semilunar valves close ( occurs when the other two valves close the pulmonary and aorta semilunar valves close )
Which is systolic and which is diastolic?
Systolic:(higher) the pressure of the artery wall when the pressure contracts the measure that is above 120 Diastolic: (lower) the pressure of the vessel when the heart is in between beat
QRS wave:
Tall, the spread of the electrical singal through the ventricle
Which blood vessels (generally) are the strongest, most substantial in structure, and can withstand intense blood pressure?
Arteries. An artery is a blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart. All arteries have relatively thick walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood ejected from the hear
Describe each of these components as far as structure and function.
Red blood cells: Round, flat in the middle, can stack on top, capillaries White blood cells: Stained and colored, blood smear Adult stem cells: Is made in bone marrow Cells that don't know what they want to become, can be anything
What are the three cellular components of blood as discussed in class?
Red blood cells: carbon dioxide and oxygen White blood cells: use for defense Platelets: clot your blood
Which two valves open "down" acting as one-way doors and making sure blood doesn't backflow into the L or R atria?
Right and left Atrioventricular valve because they work in the same manner, open down into the ventricle on both sides and close shut due to the mucle in the heart that contacts and shuts the valve close so the blood doesn't get pushed back to the atrium.
What are you "feeling" when you take your pulse?
Sounds due to vibractions in the heart chambers and blood vessels when heart valves close
Which chambers of the heart would be colored "red", why?
The left Atrium and left ventricle because the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle, which then the left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body.
How does the lymphatic system work with (help) the circulatory system?
The lymphatic system works with the cardiovascular system to return body fluids to the blood. The lymph, the clear liquid found in the lymphatic system, is moved along in the lymph vessels by the squeezing action of smooth muscles and skeletal muscles.
What are some functions of the circulatory system as learned in class?
Transports oxygen Transport nutrients from digestive system to body cells Transports hormones to body cells Transports wastes from body cells to excretory organs Distribute body heat
Define blood pressure.
the force that blood exerts against a vessel wall
What is the septum and what is its important function?
Dividing wall for the high oxygenated blood and low oxygenated blood won't mix together (blue and red divided) Example: if a baby has a hole in its heart it has a hoe in the septum causing it to not deliver nic oxygenated blood to the body
Name and describe the main structures of the circulatory system.
Gastrovaciular cavity- open circulatory system (aminilams) Closed circulatory system- allow the blood to circulate and get materials to where it needs to go our circulatory system Heart- 4 chambur pump to create pressure Pump blood to blood vessels Arteries/ arterioles( away): move blood from the heart and move it away from the heart veins / venules: come back in the vein Capillaries: smallest blood vessels, going to allow material to move in and out (oxygen) materials are going to be exchanged Lymphatic system: is a system thats going to help recapture some of that material that capillaries are going to diffused out. (lymphactic vessels are going to capture some of that fluid and are going to move it back to the circulatory system) allows you to maintain a constant blood pressure/volume even. The lym[hatic system is going to interact with the circulatory system to maintain blood volume therefore your blood pressure.
Describe how the pacemaker works.
The Node is going to start the electrical signal thats going to tell the heart the beat and how often. SA Node (sinal atrial): a little nodule of tissue from where the electrical signal starts, it is the boss of the heart, it gets input from the nervous system (brain), so the brain can tell the SA Node to be faster or slower. The SA node is then going to send a electrical signal, then spread to the atria, and going to tell the atria when to contract. AV Node (secondary pacemaker): Located on the atrium and ventricle on the right side. Its job is to listen to the boss SA Node, so when the signal gets picked up from the atrium the AV node is going to relay the information to ventricles, its then going to send its own electrical signal based on what the boss told the AV node and its going to send the signal down the ventricles/fibers and its going to go down the fibers and then eventually back up and spread the electrical signal down
4 chambers of the heart (as it would be oriented in your body)
Two top chambers are receiving chambers called atria or artium, receive blood Right atrium: receives blood from the body Left atrium: receives blood from the lungs Bottom chambers: pumping chambers Right ventricles: pump blood out eventually to our lungs Left ventricles: pump blood to the rest of the body The stronger side: left ventricle because its more muscular because it has to pump to the entire body.
What is the natural pacemaker of the heart and where is it located?
When your heart is controlled electrically through pacemaker, which is located in the upper chamber called right atrium (everyone has this naturally)
Describe the following as they pertain to the cardiac cycle (include time for each): diastole, systole.
1. Diastole: In between beats on average its .4 secs that your heart is in between beats (AV Valves are open) 2. Systole: Is the contraction, divided into two parts, 1st part is .1 secs very short and that is the.. Atria contraction: Thin wall structures, the chamburs are receiving chambers that contract enough to push any blood out of the atria and completely fill up the ventricle (really short, a little contraction on the left atrium and right atrium that push the remaining blood to the ventricles. Ventricular contraction: (3 sec) Ventricles contract. Semilunar valves are open. The martcarlium(septum) squeezes the and pushes the blood out of the arteries. The valves are going to make sure the blood goes from a atrium to a ventricle out an artery (on both sides) at the same time.
Cellular components of the blood account for what percentage of blood volume?
45%
Name the 4 valves of the heart. Be able to locate any of the above on a diagram.
Atrioventricular valve: No valve it wouldn't go in one direction and blood would be not be able to circulate One way doors going to make sure the blood only flows in one direction, When the hearts muscle contracts the blood will push on the door way and push it close, the blood is no longer able to go back to the door way(prevented from going backwards Work in the same manner, open down into the ventricle on both sides and close shut due to the mucle in the heart that contacts and shuts the valve close so the blood doesn't get pushed back to the atrium. (between the atrium and ventricle) Right Atrioventricular valve: (tricuspid) because it has three cups or flaps Pushes blood to the right ventricle Blood gets pushed out to the pulmonary artery Left Atrioventricular valve: (bicuspid, multravalve) because it only has two cups or flaps Pushes blood to the left ventricle Blood gets pushed out from the aorta Semilunar Valve: The entry to every artery is the valve They open upwards Won't allow blood to go backwards into the ventricle Always opposite to the AV valve. (if the AV are open the semi lunar is closed) Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Allows blood through the pulmonary artery Aortic Semilunar Valve: Entrance to the aorta
Why do most diagrams show part of the heart and blood vessels colored blue and others red? (what is the significance of the 2 different colors?)
Blue: low oxygenated blood that returns to the heart to the body Red: is high oxygenated blood that gets thrown into the body
Which blood vessels are used to move (diffuse) materials into and out of the circulatory system?
Capillaries are concentrated into capillary beds. Some capillaries have small pores between the cells of the capillary wall, allowing materials to flow in and out of capillaries
What is the basic function of a heart?
Heart- 4 chambur pump to create pressure Pump blood to blood vessels
Which blood vessels have the greatest blood "pressure" why?
Hypertension, is a problem because it can damage the lining of the blood vessels and cause harding of the arteries and can lead to cardio vascular disease, stroke etc..
Why is blood pressure lower in these other vessels?
Hypotension not as dangerous but can pass out. If you have a quick drop it can be sign of internal bleeding or shock.
Trace the path of blood through every chamber, blood vessel and valve as blood travels through the heart (write out the structures) starting with the left ventricle. Be able to trace the path from any point in the circulatory system.
I. Blood Flow Pathway 1. Right Atrium 2. Right A-V valve 3. Right Ventricle 4. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve 5. Pulmonary Arteries 6. Lungs 7. Pulmonary Veins 8. Left Atrium 9. Left A-V valve 10. Left Ventricle 11. Aortic Semilunar Valve 12. Aorta 13. Body 14. Vena Cavas 15. Right Atrium
What is a heart attack?
If arteries are narrow due to atherosclerosis it can not get nough oxygen to that tissue and as it starves of oxygen it might be producing acid, burning sensation When the heart muscle does noot get oxygen and it dies
What is a possible cause for a heart murmur?
If your Valves aren't closing right you can hear a whispering sound (murmer) Common, might work well but can have blood leaking through the Valve
What is the cardiac cycle?
Is the cycle of contraction and relaxation,
How long is the cardiac cycle and how long are each of the components?
Less than 1 second Diastole: 4 sec Atria Contract: 1 sec Ventricular Contaction: 3 sec
What is Plasma? What is it composed of and what percent of the blood does it represent?
Liquid background material of your blood, connective tissue 55% Mostly water Salts Plama proteins Materials transported by blood
T wave.
Put everything back to normal, moving the electrical signal back to its original starting position.
What is systemic circulation and what is its purpose?
Means body, the rest of the body needs oxygen, start off in the heart left side, going to to take the highly oxygenated blood (bright red blood) going to go to the systemic circut, going to go out of the artery and deliver blood everywhere else ( head, brain, organs etc...) the capillaries going to take the oxygen and diffuse it out and going to move it to the body tissues, the color of the blood after you deliver oxygen, the level plummet in the blood, we take the carbon dioxide and then we have low oxygen blood and bring it back to the heart. We go from the heart to the rest of the body (head, brain organs, etc...) , deliver the oxygen, pick up carbon dioxide and go back to the heart. (more oxygen to less oxygenated blood)
What is pulmonary circulation and what is its purpose?
Means lungs, circulation to your heart to your lungs and back, the blood changes due to the level of oxygen level in the blood. Bringing oxygen in the blood and bringing it back to the heart. Blood that is low in oxygen is very dark deep maroon color, or black How it works: Pick up oxygen from the lungs drop of carbon dioxide waste productfrom the cells, pick up oxygen the color of the blood turns bright red. (Less oxygen to more oxygenated blood)
Name the 4 blood vessels of the heart
Move away from the heart: Pulmonary artery: (2) starts with the pulmonary truck and divides going right and right going to the lungs ( there are two goes to the left or right lung to pick up oxygen and makes it way back to the heart ) Aorta: this is another artery, the biggest blood vessel in the body, coming from the left side of the heart and goes underneath the pulmonary artery and moves blood away (left two arrows are going to your head and so on and the right side one idk) Pulmonary veins:(2) blood vessels that are bring it back to the heart, has a counter part in the left side of the heart. They dump the oxygenated blood and go behind the heart to the left atrium, only for the right side but the left side will be dumped in the left atrium too. Example: following the left vein, as the blood comes out the pulmonary artery, going away from the heart, its going to pick oxygen from the left lung get oxygenated (bright red blood), goes back through the pulmonary veins. Same thing happens in the right side. Vena cava: (2) Superior vena cava: Above, bring blood back from the head Inferior vena cava: Bringing blood from the lower part of your body Move blood vessels back to the heart
Name the two types of heart attacks learned in class and describe each.
Myocardial infarction: blockage, example: anything in the muscle tissue is not going to get oxygenated blood Fibrillation: electrical system is off when nodes are not sending electrical signals, won't have contractions dn if you can't do that then you can't deliver oxygenated blood bac to the heart. Embolism: is a blockage, blood clot, air in the blood vessel for an example
What is an ECG (or EKG)?
Picking up the elctricl signals your heart normally sends
Explain what the two numbers represent when measuring someone's blood pressure (i.e. 120/80).
Pressure is cuff above 120 and cuts artery close Normal Blood pressure Regulation of cardiovascular system Need to maintain a constant arterial pressure Regulate rate and force of contraction Local blood flows adjust to meet local requirements
Describe the movement of the 2 Semi-lunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) and their "function"?
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Allows blood through the pulmonary artery Aortic Semilunar Valve: Entrance to the aorta Function: They open upwards Won't allow blood to go backwards
Which blood vessels of the heart would be colored "blue", why?
Pulmonary artaries and the vena cavas because they both take low oxygenated blood and bring it back to the heart, from different places of the body.
Which blood vessels have the lowest blood pressure?
Pulmonary veins because Veins have much thinner walls than do arteries, largely because the pressure in veins is so much lower.