Ch. 8 - Assessment of Body Composition

fat

% fat mans calculates _________ only.

lean; fat

% fat-free mass calculates ___________ body mass which is everything but _________.

more

A person with more lean mass will weight (more/less) underwater; this raises the body's density.

T

Air Displacement Plyethysmography: T or F The body's volume is determined from the volume of the chamber without the client minus the volume of the chamber with the client.

disease

Android fat distribution is associated with increased risk for chronic __________.

trunk and abdomen

Android fat is stored in the _______ and ________.

volume

Archimedes' Principle: An object submerged in water is buoyed by a force that is equal to the _________ of the water that it displaces.

They have less sub-cutaneous fat and more intra-organell fat.

As a person ages, what changes occur regarding how and where fat is stored?

fat weight

As a person gains adipose tissue, the increase in skin fold thickness is proportional to the additional:

hydration

BIA is highly dependent on __________ status.

electrical

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) uses low-level __________ current.

component tissues

Body composition describes _____________ __________ of the body.

FM = body mass x (%BF / 100%) FFM = body mass - FM Target body weight = FFM / 1 - (desired %BF/100)

Calculation target body weight: Fat mass (FM) = ? Fat free mass (FFM) = ? Target body weight = ?

weight / volume

Density = ________ / _________

> 0.95 - young men > 0.86 - young women > 1.03 - men 60-69 years of age > 0.9 - women 60-69 years of age

Determining android fat pattern: What are the waist to hip ratios (WHR) for young men, young women, men 60-69 years of age, and women 60-69 years of age?

> 102 cm (40") - men > 88 cm (35") - women

Determining android fat pattern: What is the waist circumference (WC) for men and women?

%BF

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) estimates the total and regional __________ and SEE is 1.2-4.8%).

energy

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a total body x-ray with low dosage _______ beams.

mood fertility temperature regulation longevity

Excessive weight loss can adversely affect health by decreasing:

quick and reliable

Girth measurements provide ___________ and _________ information.

body composition

Girth measurements provide equations to predict:

hips and thighs

Gynoid fat is stored in the ________ and __________.

fat mass / body mass x 100%

How do you calculate % body fat (%BF)?

%BF

In BIA, voltage drop from point A to point B is used to calculate __________ and has a SEE of 2.7-6.3%.

lean

In dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), fat, bone, and nonbone ______ tissue have different densities and can be identified.

less

Is fat tissue more or less dense than muscle or bone?

%BF or BMI

Obesity is classified by _______ or _________.

% body fat

Once we find body density, we can determine ________ with equations.

fat

Percent body fat calculates % of total body mass that is ________.

5th to 85th

Sex and age specific BMI of healthy weight is classified as a BMI of _____th to ______th percentile for age.

95

Sex and age specific BMI of obese is classified as a BMI of > or = to ______th percentile for age.

85th to 95th

Sex and age specific BMI of overweight is classified as a BMI of _____th to ______th percentile for age.

5

Sex and age specific BMI of young children through teens: underweight is classified as a BMI of <_____ percentile for age.

T

T or F In BIA, water and electrolyte content of lean tissue will facilitate flow of current, while adipose tissue will impeded flow of current.

T

T or F Air displacement plethysmography is reliable, valid and easy to use. SEE = 2-4%

T

T or F Gynoid obesity is not as harmful to the health as android obesity?

essential fat

The minimal amount of fat needed for normal body function

>25% for men >38% for women

There are no uniform standards for % BF, but it is usually around >_____% for men and around >_____% for women.

body

Therefore, the volume of water displaced by an object is equal to the volume of the __________.

1. less time consuming 2. generally, less anxiety for the client

What are 2 advantages to air displacement plethysmography over hydrostatic weighing?

1. dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA of DEXA) 2. computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging 3. bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

What are other methods for assessing body composition?

1. BMI (Quetelet index) -weight in kg/height in meters squared 2. Girth measurements 3. Skinfold measurements

What are the anthropometric methods for assessing body composition?

underweight = <18.5 normal = 18.5 to 24.9 overweight = 25 to 29.9 obesity class I = 30 to 34.9 obesity class II = 35 to 39.9 obesity class III = > or equal to 40

What are the body mass index (BMI, kb/m2) classifications?

waist abdomen hips thigh

What are the commonly measured sites for girth measurements?

1. hydrostatic (underwater) weighing 2. air displacement plethysmography

What are the densitometry methods for assessing body composition?

1. coronary artery disease (CAD) 2. hypertension 3. stroke 4. type 2 diabetes 5. certain cancers 6. osteoarthritis 7. sleep apnea 8. dyslipidemia

What are the health consequences of obesity?

1. locate skinfold site (right side of the body) 2. pinch skin fold from underlying tissue 3. measure with the caliper 4. choose the proper equation (generalized vs. population-specific; men vs. women, 3 vs. 7 site)

What are the steps to ensuring accuracy for skin fold analysis?

hydrostatic weighing air displacement plethysmography

What are the two common procedures that estimate body composition based on densitometry?

waist to height ratio

What is a third way to determine android fat pattern?

> or = to 30 kg/m2

What is the BMI value for obesity?

3.5%

What is the SEE for skin fold analysis?

Body density (Db) = Body mass (Mb) / Body volume (Vb)

What is the criterion method (equation) for assess % BF (SEE = 2-2.7%)

8-12% for women; 3-5% for men

What is the essential fat percentage for men and women?

gynoid; pear shape

What is the female pattern of obesity called and what shape is it?

provide little information about fat and fat-free components of the body

What is the major disadvantage of girth measurements?

android; apple shape

What is the male pattern of obesity called and what shape is it?

keep waist circumference to less than 1/2 your height

What is the waist to height ratio rule?