Ch 8

A network administrator uses the server operating system to:

-Add and remove users, computers, and other devices -Configure the network, install software and administer network security

how to set up a virtual machine:

1. Obtain and install an app that creates and runs virtual machines. 2. Run the app and select the option to create a new virtual machine. 3. Specify the settings for the new virtual machine. 4. If necessary, insert the installation media for the operating system you want to run in the virtual machine. 5. Run the virtual machine. Follow the steps to install the operating system in the virtual machine. 6. When the operating system has finished installing, remove the installation media. 7. While the virtual machine is running, if desired, install any apps you want to run. 8. When you are finished using the virtual machine, shut down the operating system in the same manner you would shut down your computer. 9. Exit the virtual machine software.

graphical user interface

A collective term for all the ways the user interacts with a device; a GUI controls how they interact with menus, programs and apps, and visual images such as icons by touching, pointing, tapping, or clicking buttons and other objects to issue commands. - Touch User Interface - Natural User Interface- Train it

submenu

A list of additional commands associated with the selected command on a menu.

shortcut menu

A list of frequently used commands that relate to an object, typically displayed by right-clicking; the commands on a shortcut menu are related to the item the user right-clicked.

device-dependent

A program is one that runs only on a specific type or make of computer or mobile device.

Term: window

A rectangular-shaped work area that displays an app or a collection of files, folders, and Windows tools.

Term: Chromebook

A specialized laptop that runs Chrome OS.

Term: file extension

A three- or four-letter sequence, preceded by a period, at the end of a filename that identifies the file as a particular type of document, such as .docx or .xlsx. -such as .docx (Microsoft Word document), or .jpg (a type of graphic file). When you save a file, the program or app assigns the file extension.

dialog box

A window with controls that lets the user tell Windows how they want to complete an application program's command. --Option buttons: round buttons that present one choice; also called a radio button --Check boxes: square boxes that present a yes/no choice and display a check mark or x when selected --List boxes: lists of options that appear when you click arrows in a dialog box; some list boxes allow you to make multiple selections

buffer

An area of memory that stores data and information waiting to be sent to an input or output device. If a computer or device is slow in accepting or providing input or output, the operating system uses buffers.

partition

Definition: A section of a hard disk that functions like a separate disk; also called a volume. You can only access one of this of a hard drive at a time. The virtual machine runs separately in a section of the hard disk called this.

icon

Definition: A small picture that represents a program, file, or hardware device.

Chromebox

Definition: A specialized desktop that runs Chrome OS.

natural user interface

Definition: An interface that enables a user to train it to respond to the user's gestures and voice commands.

desktop operating system

Definition: An operating system installed on a single computer. Also called a PC operating system.

upward compatible

Definition: Applications that may not run on new versions of an operating system.

mobile operating system

Definition: Has features similar to those of a desktop operating system, but is focused on the needs of a mobile user and the capabilities of the device. A mobile operating system works especially well with mobile device features, such as touch screens, voice recognition, and Wi-Fi networks. They also are designed to run using the limited memory of most mobile devices, and the display works well with smaller screen sizes. Mobile devices are optimized to perform functions common to mobile users. These include having video and photo cameras, media players, speech recognition, GPS, wireless capabilities, rotating screen displays that adjust when you switch orientation of your device's screen, and text messaging. You likely use all these features on a frequent basis for entertainment, travel, and communication.

performance monitor

Definition: In Windows, a tool that displays graphs of system performance.

server operating system

Definition: Multiuser operating system because it controls a single, centralized server computer that supports many users on networked computers.

Term: Chrome OS

Definition: Operating system based on Linux that uses the Google Chrome browser as its user interface and primarily runs web apps.

Term: disk cleanup utility

Definition: Program that finds and removes unnecessary files, such as temporary Internet files or files in the Recycle Bin, and frees up disk space by reorganizing data.

Term: backward compatible

Definition: Term used to refer to a program's or device's capability of supporting older programs or devices, as well as newer programs or devices.

background

Definition: The area behind text and objects on a slide.

Term: macOS

Definition: The operating system for Apple desktop and laptop computers; includes the Siri virtual assistant, coordination with Apple mobile devices, and cloud file storage.

Term: Linux

Definition: UNIX-based operating system for desktop computers, laptops, and some tablets; distributed under the terms of a General Public License (GPL), which allows the user to copy the OS for their own use, to give to others, or to sell.

Mobile versus Desktop Operating Systems

Differences exist in the way a user interacts with a mobile operating system, including: --A desktop operating system may use menus, windows, and bars to run apps and to access features within apps. On a desktop, you can run multiple programs simultaneously and seamlessly due to the large screen and the use of pointing devices. This feature makes desktops more useful than mobile operating systems for productivity and multitasking. --A mobile operating system may have one program running at a time with others running in the background, or it may provide a means for multiple apps to run simultaneously on the screen. Quick movements and gestures are often all that you need to perform tasks on a mobile device. Mobile operating systems use technologies such as cellular, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS, and NFC to communicate with other devices and to connect to the Internet. Mobile devices also typically include cameras, video cameras, voice recorders, and sometimes speech recognition.

Image viewer/Gallery

Displays, copies, and prints the contents of graphics files

virtual machine

Enables a computer or device to run another operating system in addition to the one installed. You might want to enable this if you have an app that is incompatible with your current operating system, or if you want to run multiple operating systems on one computer. To run this, you need a program or app that is specifically designed to set up and manage virtual machines. You also will need access to installation files for the operating system you want to run on this.

The Windows file manager is called???

File Explorer

the macOS file manager is called

Finder

Types of Mobiles

Google Android Apple iOS Windows (Mobile Edition)

button

Icons the user clicks to execute commands they need to work with an office app.

Maintenance

Identifies and fixes operating system problems, detects and repairs drive problems, and includes the capability of improving performance

Term: User accounts

Identifies to Windows the resources, such as apps and storage locations, a user can access when working with the computer.

library

In Windows, a special folder that catalogs specific files and folders in a central location, regardless of where the items are actually stored on the user's device.

Antivirus software

Many operating systems include antivirus programs that are updated regularly. Some users mistakenly think they should install and run another antivirus program simultaneously for more protection. They should not run more than one antivirus program on a computer because multiple programs might conflict with one another and slow overall performance. Scans for malware

Power management

Monitors battery usage

Term: UNIX

Multitasking operating system with many versions, as the code is licensed to different developers.

OS: Android

Notable features: Developed by Google based on Linux, and designed to be run on many types of smartphones and tablets

OS: iOS

Notable features: Runs only on Apple devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod; derived from macOS

Term: program window

On a desktop or laptop computer, displays a running program.

utilities

Operating systems also provide utilities, which are apps or programs that enable you to perform maintenance-type tasks related to managing the computer or device. You use utilities, also called tools, to manage files, search for content or programs, view images, install and uninstall programs and apps, compress and back up files, and maintain the computer or device. Screen savers are another type of utility. -Operating systems include many utilities, also called tools, that enable you to perform file management tasks.

Term: device-independent

Operating systems that run on computers and mobile devices provided by a variety of manufacturers.

multipurpose operating systems

Operating systems, such as UNIX and Linux, that function as both desktop and server operating systems sometimes

file management

Performs functions related to displaying files; organizing files in folders; and copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting files

Proprietary software

Software that is privately owned and limited to a specific vendor or computer or device model.

Operating System Functions

Standard operating system functions include: -Starting and shutting down a computer or device -Managing programs -Managing memory -Coordinating tasks -Configuring devices -Establishing an Internet connection -Monitoring performance -Providing file management -Updating operating system software -Monitoring security -Controlling network access

spooling

Placing data into a buffer. . --An example of this is when a document is sent to the buffer while it waits for the printer to be available. By sending data to a buffer, the operating system frees up resources to perform other tasks while the data waits to be processed.

thrashing

Problem that occurs when an operating system spends more of its time paging instead of executing apps, causing the whole system to slow down. You may be able to adjust the settings on your operating system to free up memory in order to enable your computer or device to run more quickly.

foreground

Program with which the user currently is interacting.

Closed source

Programs that keep all or some of the code hidden, enabling them to control and profit from the program they create. Microsoft Windows and macOS are examples of closed source operating systems.

operating system

Recall that an operating system (OS) is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer or mobile device hardware. When you start your computer or device, system software starts running in the background. The operating system and utility programs control the behind-the-scenes operations of a computer or mobile device. An operating system also is called a platform. Most programs and apps you run on your computer come in versions specific to your operating system and are optimized to take advantage of the operating system's features. Most operating systems perform similar functions that include starting and shutting down a computer or mobile device, providing a user interface, updating operating system software, securing your device and data, managing memory, configuring device settings, establishing an Internet connection, and managing files and folders. Some operating systems also allow users to control a network and administer security

Uninstaller

Removes a program or app, as well as any associated entries in the system files

Your task: Save the document on the hard drive

Role of Operating System: Finds the hard drive Makes sure the hard drive has enough storage space Saves the document Stores the location and file name so that you can access the document later

Your task: Add information to the document

Role of Operating System: Manages memory so the computer can run Saves your unsaved work to temporary storage

Your task: Start a word processing program and open a document

Role of Operating System: Starts the word processing program Provides tools for you to open the document file

Disk cleanup

Searches for and removes or archives unnecessary files

firewall

Security experts recommend using a firewall and configuring it to turn on or off automatically. Protection from outside network

Automatic updating:

Security updates are issued at least once daily, and other updates are generated on an as-needed basis. Many people enjoy the convenience offered by allowing these fixes to install automatically instead of continually checking for new files to download. Users can view the update history to see when specific updates were installed. If an update caused a problem to occur, a user can uninstall these new files.

File compression

Shrinks the size of a file(s) You often need to compress files and folders before you share or transfer them. For example, by attaching a compressed file to an email message, the smaller file travels faster to its destination. Before you can open and edit a compressed file, you need to extract or uncompress it. Desktop operating systems offer utilities to compress and uncompress files. Mobile operating systems do not always include these by default, but you can install them. To compress a file or folder, select it in your operating system's file management utility and then instruct the utility to zip or compress the file. To uncompress, double-click the file in the file management utility, and either drag selected files to another folder or instruct the utility to extract all files into a new folder.

page

The amount of data and program instructions that can swap at a given time. The technique of swapping items between memory and storage is called paging. Paging is a time-consuming process.

How an Operating System Manages Memory

The purpose of memory management is to optimize the use of a computer or device's internal memory to allow the computer or device to run more efficiently. RAM is the storage location that temporarily stores open apps and document data while a computer or device is on. The operating system assigns data and instructions to an area of memory while they are being processed. It carefully monitors the contents of memory and releases items when the processor no longer requires them. Frequently used instructions and data are stored in a cache. Every program or app, including the operating system, requires RAM. The more RAM a device has, the more efficiently it runs.

Term: System software

The software that runs a computer, including the operating system. When you start your computer or device, system software starts running in the background.

Term: kilobytes

Thousands of bytes of data.

Does Every Operating System Use a GUI?

To configure devices, manage system resources, automate system management tasks, and troubleshoot network connections, network administrators and other technical users work with a command-line interface. In a command-line interface, a user types commands represented by short keywords or abbreviations (such as dir to view a directory, or list of files) or presses special keys on the keyboard (such as function keys or key combinations) to enter data and instructions. Some people consider command-line interfaces difficult to use because they require exact spelling, form, and punctuation. Minor errors, such as a missing period, generate an error message. Command-line interfaces, however, give a user more control to manage detailed settings. Have you ever interacted with a command-line interface? Would you prefer to use a GUI or a command-line interface? Why?

sign in

To select a user account name and enter a password when a computer starts up, giving access to that user's files; also called log in.

OS: UNIX (2)

Used on: A multipurpose operating system that can run on a desktop PC or a server Notable features: Many web servers, which are Internet computers that store webpages and deliver them to your computer or device, use UNIX because it is a powerful, flexible operating system

OS: macOS Server

Used on: Supports all sizes of networks and servers Notable features: One unique feature is that it lets authorized users access servers using their iPhones or other Apple devices

OS: Windows Server

Used on: The server version of Windows Notable features: It includes advanced security tools and a set of programs called Internet Information Services that manage web apps and services

OS: Chrome OS

used on: Chromebook laptops notable features: Based on Linux, uses the Google Chrome browser as its user interface and primarily runs web apps

OP: Microsoft Windows

used on: Desktop computers, laptops, and some tablets notable features: Supports the Cortana virtual assistant, touchscreen input, HoloLens headsets, and built-in apps, such as the Microsoft Edge browser

OS: Linux

used on: Desktop computers, laptops, and some tablets notable features: Distributed under the terms of a General Public License (GPL), which allows you to copy the OS for your own use, to give to others, or to sell

OS: macOS

used on: Macintosh desktop computers and laptops notable features: Includes the Siri virtual assistant, coordination with Apple mobile devices, and cloud file storage

OS: UNIX

used on: Most computers and devices notable features: Multitasking operating system with many versions, as the code is licensed to different developers

File type: Microsoft Office

extensions: .docx (Word), .xlsx (Excel), .pptx (PowerPoint)

File type: Webpage

extensions: .htm or .html, .xml, .asp or .aspx, .css

File type: Graphics

extensions: .jpg, .jpg, .jpg

File type: Text file

extensions: .txt, .rtf

Open source

programs and apps (including operating systems) have no restrictions from the copyright holder regarding modification and redistribution. Users can add functionality and sell or give away their versions to others. As previously discussed, Linux is an example of an open source operating system. Proponents of open source programs state that because the code is public, coders can examine, correct, and enhance programs. Some have concerns about unscrupulous programmers adding malicious code that can damage a user's system or be used to gather data without the user's knowledge. Whether you are choosing an open or closed source operating system, program, or app, be sure to research carefully and read reviews to ensure you are getting the highest quality program.

Microsoft Windows

the most popular operating system for PCs. -The Windows operating system.

Term: folder window

Definition: A File Explorer window that displays the contents of a folder, drive, or device.

file

Definition: A collection of information stored on the user's computer, such as a text document, spreadsheet, photo, and song.

menu

Definition: A list of related items, including folders, applications, and commands.

personal computer

An operating system installed on a single computer. Also called a desktop operating system.

Search

Attempts to locate files based on specified criteria

Spyware and malware detection software

Because sophisticated spyware and malware threats are emerging at an unparalleled rate, comprehensive spyware and malware detection software is crucial to fend off attacks on the computer or device.

Lock screen

Causes a display's screen to require the user to sign in again if no keyboard or mouse activity occurs for a specified time

Backup

Copies selected files or the contents of an entire storage medium to another storage location

Term: thumbnails

Definition: A reduced-size version of a larger graphic image.

Types of Desktops

Windows macOS UNIX Linux Chrome OS

Types of Servers

Windows Server macOS Server UNIX Linux

Virtual memory

a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM

command-line interface

a user types commands represented by short keywords or abbreviations or presses special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions -a user types commands represented by short keywords or abbreviations (such as dir to view a directory, or list of files) or presses special keys on the keyboard (such as function keys or key combinations) to enter data and instructions.

User Interface (UI)

controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen