Ch 8 - Project Quality Management
If a process is determined to be out of control, do you need to adjust the process?
yes
What is the purpose of project quality management?
to ensure that project will satisfy the needs for which it's undertaken
How does benchmarking generate ideas for quality improvements?
By comparing specific project practices/characteristics to those of other projects/products within or outside the performing organization
____________ - help you find the root cause of a problem
Cause-and-effect diagrams
_____________ - used to collect and analyze data
Checksheet
____________ - project's processes and products meet written specifications
Conformance to requirements
____________ - graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time
Control chart
Projects that use Six Sigma principles usually follow 5-phase improvement process called ______
DMAIC
__________ - any instance where product/service fails to meet customer requirements
Defect
Who is primarily known for his work on quality control in Japan?
Deming
____________ - award given to recognize high-quality organizations
Deming Prize
What's Deming's major contribution for modern quality management?
Deming's 14 points for management
_____________ - system's special characteristics that appeal to users
Features
_____________ - product can be used as it was intended
Fitness for use
___________ - graphic displays of the logic and flow of processes; help you analyze how problems occur and how processes can be improved
Flowcharts
___________ - degree to which a system performs its intended function
Functionality
____________ - bar graph of a distribution of variables
Histogram
What's a term for reliability for IT projects?
IT service management
What does the 7 run rule state?
If 7 data points in a row are above mean, below mean, increasing, or decreasing then process needs to be examine for nonrandom problems
___________ - occurs between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped components
Integration testing
___________ - quality improvement, quality planning, quality control
Juran Trilogy
_________ standard deviation - greater variability
Large
_____________ - ease of performing maintenance on a product
Maintainability
____________ - histogram that can help identify and prioritize problem areas
Pareto chart
__________ - how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use
Performance
If products/services produced as part of a project are rejected what happens?
There must be rework
If products/services produced as part of a project are accepted what happens?
They become validated deliverables
__________ - done to test each individual component to ensure that it's as defect-free as possible
Unit test
_____________ - independent test performed by end users prior to accepting delivered system
User acceptance testing
_______ - the number of units handled correctly through the process steps
Yield
______________ - determine if products/services produced as part of project will be accepted or rejected
acceptance decisions
What are the 3 main outputs of quality control?
acceptance decisions, rework, process adjustments
Which phase of DMAIC is this: Scrutinize process details to find improvements opportunities
analyze
Each bar of histogram represents ___________ of a problem/situation. Height of bar represents its _________.
attribute or characteristic, frequency
Name the 7 basic tools of quality.
cause-and-effect diagrams, control chart, checksheet, scatter diagram, histogram, Pareto chart, flowcharts
The ____________ the data points are to a diagonal line, more closely the 2 variables are related.
closer
Quality is based on ____________________ and ________________.
conformance to requirements, fitness for use
What's the goal of quality assurance?
continuous quality improvement
Which phase of DMAIC is this: Track and verify stability of improvements and predictability of solution
control
What tool is used in control phase of DMAIC?
control chart
Main outputs: quality control measurements, validated changes, validated deliverables, work performance information, change requests, project management plan updates, project documents updates, organizational process asset updates. These are part of which process of project quality management?
controlling quality
Monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards and identifying ways to improve overall quality. These are part of which process of project quality management?
controlling quality
Measures are defined in terms of ___________
defects per opportunity
Which phase of DMAIC is this: Define problem/opportunity, process, customer requirements
define
What does DMAIC stand for?
define, measure, analyze, improve, control
_________________ - technique that helps identify which variables have most influence on the overall outcome of a process
design of experiments
Name 3 tools used in quality assurance.
design of experiments, benchmarking, quality audit
How often does testing need to be done throughout a project?
during almost every phase of the systems development life cycle
Cause-and-effect diagrams are also called ______________/________________.
fishbone or Ishikawa diagrams
What tool is used in analyze phase of DMAIC?
fishbone/Ishikawa diagram
Name a couple aspects of IT projects that affect quality.
functionality and features, system outputs, performance, reliability, maintainability
Deming taught that higher quality meant __________________ and __________________.
greater productivity, lower cost
The sample size depends on what?
how representative you want it to be
Which phase of DMAIC is this: Generate solutions and ideas for improving the problem
improve
___________ - Japanese word for improvement or change for the better; been turned into approach and used by many organizations
kaizen
______________ - evaluating processes to maximize customer value while minimizing waste
lean
What's the difference between manufacturer's view of quality and the customer's view?
manufacturer - conformance to requirements customer - fitness for use
Which phase of DMAIC is this: Define measures, then collect, compile, and display data
measure
___________ requires customer satisfaction, prefers prevention to inspection, and recognizes management responsibility for quality.
modern quality management
If a process is determined to be in control, do you need to adjust the process?
no
Main outputs: change requests, project management plan updates, project documents updates, organizational process asset updates These are part of which process of project quality management?
performing quality assurance
Periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure that project will satisfy relevant quality standards and taking responsibility for quality throughout the project's life cycle. These are part of which process of project quality management?
performing quality assurance
What are the 4 steps of Deming's Cycle for Improvement?
plan, do, check, act
Identifying which quality requirements and standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy them and incorporating quality standards into project design. These are part of which process of project quality management?
planning quality management
Main outputs: quality management plan, process improvement plan, quality metrics, quality checklists, project documents updates. These are part of which process of project quality management?
planning quality management
The following inputs are for which quality management process?Organizational policies related to quality Project's scope statement + product descriptions Related standards and regulations
planning quality management
__________ implies the ability to anticipate situations and prepare actions that bring about the desired outcome
planning quality management
____________ results in: Updates to quality baseline Organization process assets Project management plan
process adjustments
________________ - correct or prevent further quality problems based on quality control measurements
process adjustments
What tools are used in define phase of DMAIC?
project charter, description of customer requirements, process maps, Voice of Customer (VOC)
Who is ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects?
project manager
Most critical and commonly mishandled activity is ______________
project selection
The following inputs are for which quality management process? Quality management plan Process improvement plan Quality metrics Quality control measurements Project documents
quality assurance
______________ - structured review of specific quality management activities; identifies lessons learned, and can improve performance on current or future projects
quality audit
_________ results from requested changes/validated defect repair
rework
___________ - action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements, specifications, or other stakeholder expectations
rework
_____________ - line chart that shows data points plotted in order of occurrence
run chart
Nowadays, the term __________ is used to describe projects that will help them in achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success through better business processes
six sigma project
___________ - measures how much variation exists in a distribution of data
standard deviation
When planning quality management, you need to identify relevant quality _______ for each unique project.
standards
_____________ - technique that shows data from a variety of sources to see if pattern emerges
stratification
Name 2 ways that Six Sigma quality control unique.
1. organization-wide commitment 2. follows 'belt' system similar to a karate class
What are the 3 main processes of project quality management?
1. planning quality management 2. performing quality assurance 3. controlling quality
What's Juran's major contribution for modern quality management?
10 steps to quality improvement
Goal of Six Sigma is no more than ___ defects/errors/mistakes per million opportunities
3.4
What does the 80-20 rule mean?
80% of problems are often due to 20% of causes
Pareto analysis is referred to as ____________.
80-20 rule
Are quality audits scheduled or random? Are they done by in-house auditors or third-party auditors?
Either for both
___________ - the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs; the degree to which a set of inherit characteristics fulfils requirements
Quality
_________________ includes all activities related to satisfying relevant quality standards for a project
Quality assurance
What 4 things makes a project a potential Six Sigma project?
Quality problem No clearly understood problem Solution isn't predetermined Optimal solution isn't apparent
_____________ - ability of a product/service to perform as expected under normal conditions
Reliability
______________ - helps to show if there's a relationships between 2 variables
Scatter diagram
____________ - measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities
Six 9s of quality
____________ - comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining and maximizing business success
Six Sigma
__________ standard deviation - little variability among data; data clusters closely around middle of distribution
Small
______________ - anything that must change before delivery of the program
Software defect
___________ is key to determining acceptable number of defective units in a population.
Standard deviation
____________ - tests the entire system as one entity
System testing
Checksheet is sometimes called ___________ or ___________.
tally sheet or checklist
