Ch 8: Revolutions of Europe and Latin America
__________ __ __________, a conservative Creole who had been fighting against the revolutionaries, feared liberals in Spain would force Mexico to have a liberal constitution, so he turned to the revolutionaries for help
Agustin de Iturbide
With the help of creoles, mestizos, and Native Americans, __________ __ _________ overthrew Spanish government in Mexico and took the title of __________ _________ _
Agustin de Iturbide; Emperor Agustin I
The fighting to win slaves' freedom in Haiti (led by Toussaint L'Ouverture) took more lives that any other revolution in the ________
Americas
(PMO Question) Latin Americans that were descendents of Europeans were second-class citizens known as
Creoles
In the revolutions of 1848, the _________(not Hungarians) demanded for an independent government.
Czechs
(PMO Question) Who declared Brazil's independence from Portugal, based on advice given to him by his father?
Dom Pedro
In 1822, following his father's/king's advice, _____ _______ becomes emperor of an independent Brazil. He accepted a constitution that provided freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and an elected legislature. Brazil remained a monarchy until 1889, when social and political turmoil would lead it to become a republic.
Dom Pedro
Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil during Napoleonic Wars. King left his son ____ ______ to rule Brazil.
Dom Pedro
Following the triumph over the Spanish Monarchy, Simon Bolivar participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations in Hispanic-America, a republic, which was named ______ ___________, and of which he was president from 1819-1830.
Gran Colombia
Who is forced to accept a German king in 1830?
Greece
In the 1820s, Britain, France, and Russia force Ottomans to grant independence to some...
Greek provinces
In 1838, the United Provinces of Central America breaks apart into separate republics including... (5 republics)
Guatemala; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica
In the revolutions of 1848, ________ _________ demanded an independent government for Hungary.
Louis Kossuth
In the revolutions of 1848, France had a revolution that led to the election of _________ _______________ as president.
Louis Napoleon
(PMO Question) Who was known as the "citizen king"?
Louis Philippe
(PMO Question) People of Native American and European descent were known as
Mestizos
In 1810, a Creole, Father Hidalgo calls for __________ to fight for independence in his "el Grito de Dolores" speech
Mexicans
In 1823, the _________ __________ states the U.S. would not intervene in European affairs, however, they expected European countries to stay out of Central & South America. Any try to colonize any parts of Latin America would be considered a direct attack on the U.S. The Monroe Doctrine works with British help. Their Navy controls the seas.
Monroe Doctrine
(PMO Question) People of African and European descent were known as
Mulattoes
In 1802, ____________ sent a large army to recover Haiti
Napoleon
When Father Hidalgo calls for Mexicans to fight for independence, he is hailed the Father of the _________
Nation
In the revolutions of 1830, _______ crushed the revolt of students, army officers, and landowners in Poland.
Russia
There was no revolution in _________ under the rule of Nicholas I (1825-1855)
Russia
During _______ _________'s lifetime, he led Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia to independence, and helped lay the foundations for democratic ideology in much of Latin America
Simon Bolivar
Educated Creoles like ________ __________ who was a Venezuelan military and political leader admired the French and American Revolution.
Simon Bolivar
Following the triumph over the Spanish Monarchy, _________ __________ participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations in Hispanic-America, a republic, which was named Gran Columbia, and of which he was president from 1819-1830.
Simon Bolivar
In 1810, _______ ________ begins revolution in Venezuela, his homeland, and wins. His new government is soon toppled by conservatives and years of civil war would follow. Twice Bolivar was forced into exile. By 1821, Venezuela was freed.
Simon Bolivar
Together with Jose de San Martin, ________ _________ played a key role in Hispanic-Spanish America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire
Simon Bolivar
_______ __________ remains regarded in Hispanic-America as a hero, visionary, revolutionary, and liberator. Nickname "The Liberator"
Simon Bolivar
When Napoleon conquered ______, Latin American leaders saw this country's weakness as an opportunity to exploit
Spain
Whose revolt did France crush in the early 1800s?
Spain
Some other revolutions around Europe in the early 1800s, besides Serbia and Greece, include rebels in...
Spain, Portugal, some Italian states
Together with Jose de San Martin, Simon Bolivar played a key role in Hispanic-Spanish America's successful struggle for independence from the ________ Empire
Spanish
After Agustin de Iturbide's overthrow, local leaders set up a republic called ___________ _____________ __ ____________ _____________.
United Provinces of Central America
In 1810, Simon Bolivar begins revolution in Venezuela, his homeland, and wins. His new government is soon toppled by conservatives and years of civil war would follow. Twice Bolivar was forced into exile. By 1821, ______________ was freed.
Venezuela
In 1810, Simon Bolivar begins revolution in _____________, his homeland, and wins. His new government is soon toppled by conservatives and years of civil war would follow. Twice Bolivar was forced into exile. By 1821, Venezuela was freed.
Venezuela
In 1798, the rebels fighting for slaves' freedom in Haiti achieved their goal: Slavery was __________ and _________ ___________'s forces controlled most of Haiti
abolished; Toussaint L'Ouverture
In 1822, following his father's/king's advice, Dom Pedro becomes emperor of an independent Brazil. Dom Pedro ___________ a constitution that provided freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and an elected legislature. Brazil remained a monarchy until 1889, when social and political turmoil would lead it to become a republic.
accepted
(PMO Question) Conservatives and liberals represented different a. areas b. ideologies c. nations d. academic levels
b
(PMO Question) Which event from the following list eventually led to the other three events listed? a. increased numbers of revolts occur throughout the Austrian empire b. the French Revolution of 1848 c. the growth of the Hungarian nationalist movement d. Louis Napoleon, later known as Napoleon III, is elected president of France
b
(PMO Question) Which of the following events refers to the "February Days' of 1848? a. Napoleon III came to power. b. Liberal, radical, and socialist leaders proclaimed the Second Republic. c. Socialists protested when the bourgeois liberal ruling class shut down national workshops. d. Nationalist revolts erupted in Italy and Germany.
b
(PMO Question) Which of the following events was NOT part of Simon Bolívar's revolutionary campaigns in Latin America? a. crossing the Andes to invade Bogotà b. crossing the Andes from Argentina to invade Chile c. freeing Caracas, Venezuela from colonial rule d. being forced into exile in Haiti twice
b
(PMO Question) At least 1,500 people were killed in 1848 during which period of revolt in France? a. "February Days" b. "March Denunciations" c. "June Days" d. "Prague Spring"
c
(PMO Question) By the mid-1800's, social reformers were considered to be __________ because they urged workers to support socialism or other ways to reorganize property ownership. a. communists b. philosophers c. agitators d. nationalists
c
(PMO Question) Hungarian nationalists, led by journalist Louis Kossuth, demanded each of the following EXCEPT a. an independent government. b. an end to serfdom. c. the installation of a Hungarian monarch. d. a written constitution to protect basic rights.
c
(PMO Question) What was the spark that ignited widespread rebellion in Latin America? a. Haiti's successful revolt against the French. b. Anger at the inequality found in the Latin American class system. c. Napoleon's successful ouster of the Spanish king in 1808. d. The assassination of Simon Bolívar.
c
In 1810, Simon Bolivar begins revolution in Venezuela, his homeland, and wins. His new government is soon toppled by _______________ and years of civil war would follow. Twice Bolivar was forced into exile. By 1821, Venezuela was freed.
conservatives
(PMO Question) Prince Clemens von Metternich's response to the struggle to establish natural rights and constitutional governments throughout Europe was that Metternich urged monarchs to ______ rebellions in their countries and in neighboring lands.
crush
During Simon Bolivar's lifetime, he led Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia to independence, and helped lay the foundations for _______________ _____________ in much of Latin America
democratic ideology
(PMO Question) Adam Smith believed that the _____ ________ should be allowed to regulate business activity.
free market
(PMO Question) The difference between the liberal and conservative philosophies in early 19th century Europe is that _________ supported a republican form of government, while the others supported the monarchy.
liberals
After calling for Mexicans to fight for independence, Father Hidalgo leads an army of poor __________ and Native Americans. Most ________ left him when he called for an end to _________ and called for reforms to improve ________ _________ conditions.
mestizos; creoles; slavery; Native American
(PMO Question) The Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman empires each contained diverse groups of inhabitants, and many of these groups had their own feelings of identity. These groups that shared a common heritage began to have feelings of
nationalism
people with a common heritage unite to try to form their own homeland
nationalism
Revolutions failed without the support of...
peasantry
In the revolutions of 1848, revolutionaries in Italy expelled the ________ from Rome and installed a nationalist government.
pope
In the revolution of 1848, France had a revolution that led to the election of Louis Napoleon as...
president
(PMO Question) Those that favor extreme change are called
radicals
In the revolutions of 1830, ___________ forced the king of France to abdicate.
radicals
(PMO Question) A __________ is best described as a period of reduced economic activity.
recession
In 1822, following his father's/king's advice, Dom Pedro becomes emperor of an independent Brazil. Dom Pedro accepted a constitution that provided freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and an elected legislature. Brazil remained a monarchy until 1889, when social and political turmoil would lead it to become a _______.
republic
Conservatives suppressed ______________ ideas
revolutionary
What kind of writers supported the Greeks in their revolt against the Ottomans?
romantic (writers)
Conservatives supported restoration of _________ ___________ to power
royal families
(PMO Question) People fighting for their AUTONOMY are hoping to attain
self-rule
In 1848, Austria abolished ___________
serfdom
Liberals opposed divine-right monarchs and supported...
social contract
Many people in Latin America were unhappy with _______, _______, and _________ systems that emerged under 300 year rule by Spanish
social; racial; political
(PMO Question) Universal manhood suffrage refers to giving all adult men the right to _____.
vote
Liberals supported government based on...
written constitutions
(PMO Question) What nation successfully gained independence in 1831 following the spread of revolutionary ideas in 1830?
Belgium
In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine states the U.S. would not intervene in European affairs, however, they expected European countries to stay out of Central & South America. Any try to colonize any parts of Latin America would be considered a direct attack on the U.S. The Monroe Doctrine works with ________ help. Their Navy controls the seas.
British
During Simon Bolivar's lifetime, what nations did he lead to independence? (6 nations)
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, Bolivia
(PMO Question) Which Mexican priest began the call for Mexican independence?
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Together with _____ __ ____ ________, Simon Bolivar played a key role in Hispanic-Spanish America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire.
Jose de San Martin
In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine states the U.S. would not intervene in European affairs, however, they expected European countries to stay out of Central & South America. Any try to colonize any parts of ______ ________ would be considered a direct attack on the U.S. The Monroe Doctrine works with British help. Their Navy controls the seas.
Latin America
(PMO Question) Serbia and Greece both successfully fought which nation for their independence?
Ottoman Empire
(PMO Question) __________, the highest social class in Latin American, were Spanish-born and dominated political and social life.
Peninsulares
____________ royal family fled to Brazil during Napoleonic Wars. King left his son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil.
Portuguese
Simon Bolivar remains regarded in Hispanic-America as a hero, visionary, revolutionary, and liberator. What was his nickname?
The Liberator
(PMO Question) Who led a successful slave revolt against the French in Haiti, eventually leading to Haiti's independence in 1804?
Toussaint L'Ouverture
(PMO Question) What similarity existed between the Italian and German revolts of 1848? a. Reform movements and strong nationalist sentiments existed in both nations. b. Both Italy and Germany were attempting to overthrow Austrian rule. c. Both rebellions were precipitated by massive famines. d. The goal of both rebellions was to set up a constitutional monarchy.
a
(PMO Question) Which event included in the selections below was caused by the other three remaining events provided? a. The independent Republic of Mexico was established in 1821. b. In Spain in 1820, liberals forced the king to issue a constitution. c. Agustín de Iturbide, fearing liberal reforms in Mexico, successfully overthrew the Spanish viceroy. d. Liberal Mexicans overthrew the new Mexican leader, Emperor Agustín I.
a
(PMO Question) Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the rule of Napoleon III? a. He supported the constitution created by the National Assembly that gave the vote to all adult men. b. He ended the brief Second Republic by declaring himself emperor in 1852. c. He was brought to power with the support of the working class. d. He received conservative support because he was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.
a
(PMO Question) Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of nationalism? a. Britain, France, and Russia helped Greece become independent of the Ottoman Empire. b. In 1821, Greece revolted against their Ottoman rulers. c. The first Serbian revolt against the Ottomans failed, but it did foster a sense of Serbian identity. d. In the world today, many Kurds still dream of creating an independent Kurdistan.
a
Who opposed freedom of the press? Conservatives or Liberals
conservatives
Who supported a social hierarchy? Conservatives or Liberals
conservatives
Who supported established church? Conservatives or Liberals
conservatives
Who used troops to crush protests? Conservatives or Liberals
conservatives
European ideologies around 1800 were...
conservatives or liberals
Conservatives supported a return to world before...
1789 (1st French Revolution)
In 1848, _______ abolished serfdom
Austria
In the revolutions of 1848, Metternich fled __________ in disguise.
Austria
Who crushed the revolt in Italy in the early 1800s?
Austria
In the revolutions of 1830, ________ became an independent state with a liberal constitution.
Belgium
Jose de San Martin and ___________ _____________ liberate Chile
Bernardo O'Higgins
What three countries forced the Ottomans to grant independence to some Greek provinces in the 1820s?
Britain, France, Russia
There was a failure of __________ in England, but no revolution
Chartism
Jose de San Martin and Bernardo O'Higgins liberate ______
Chile
Reforms in England included the _______ _____ in 1846
Corn Laws
What class in the Latin American hierarchy structure consisted of European decedents second class citizens? This class could own haciendas, ranches, and mines
Creoles
Reforms in _________ included "The Six Points of the People's Charter" in 1838 and the repeal of Corn Laws in 1846
England
There was a failure of Chartism in __________, but no revolution
England
In 1791, Toussaint L'Ouverture leads an army of former slaves and ends slavery in _______
Haiti
In 1810, a Creole, _______ _________ calls for Mexicans to fight for independence in his "el Grito de Dolores" speech
Father Hidalgo
In 1811, after Father Hidalgo is captured and executed, _________ _____ __________, a mestizo, continues the fight. In 1815, he too is captured and executed
Father Jose Morelos
In 1804, _______ declared its independence... officially becoming a republic in 1820
Haiti
In the revolutions of 1830, radicals forced the king of __________ to abdicate.
France
In the revolutions of 1848, ______ had a revolution that led to the election of Louis Napoleon as president.
France
Who crushed the revolt in Spain in the early 1800s?
France
In the revolutions of 1848, the _____________ ___________ offered the king the throne of a united Germany, but he refused.
Frankfurt Assembly
Although Greece is granted independence, they are forced to accept a ___________ king in 1830
German
__________ refused to recognize interests of Danes, Czechs, and Poles
Germans
In the revolutions of 1848, the Frankfurt Assembly offered the king the throne of a united ______________, but he refused.
Germany
Croats and Serbs help Austrians who join with Russians against ____________
Hungarians
In the revolutions of 1848, Louis Kossuth demanded an independent government for ___________.
Hungary
In the revolutions of 1848, revolutionaries in ________ expelled the pope from Rome and installed a nationalist government.
Italy
Whose revolt did Austria crush in the early 1800s?
Italy
_____ __ ______ ________ and Bernardo O'Higgins liberate Chile
Jose de San Martin
Who led war against the Ottomans from 1804-1813, leading to a sense of Serbian identity?
Karageorge
Causes of revolts in _______ _______ included unhappiness with the hierarchy structure (Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoes), inspiration from Enlightenment values, and Napoleon invading Spain
Latin America
__________ means Expedition to Chile
Lautaro
The __________ _______ was a revolutionary secret lodge (secret society) active in Latin American politics in the 19th Century.
Lautaro Lodge
_________ soon toppled Emperor Agustin I's government and set up the Republic of _________ in 1824
Liberals; Mexico
The Lautaro Lodge was initially known as the _______ __ __________ ________.
Lodge of Rational Knights
Who was a romantic writer that supported the Greeks in their revolt against the Ottomans?
Lord Byron
What class in the Latin American hierarchy structure consisted of European and Native American decedents? This class was denied any status or power that whites got
Mestizos
In the revolutions of 1848, ____________ fled Austria in disguise.
Metternich
What class in the Latin American hierarchy structure consisted of European and African decedents? This class was denied any status
Mulattoes
There was no revolutions in Russia under the rule of ___________ __ (1825-1855)
Nicholas I
Who turned to Russia for assistance with the Serbians in 1815?
Obrenovic
In 1821, the Greeks revolted against the...
Ottomans
Who does Karageorge lead war against from 1804-1813, leading to a sense of Serbian identity?
Ottomans
What was the highest class in the hierarchy structure in Latin America that consisted of people born in Portugal or Spain? This class could hold top jobs in government and with the church
Peninsulares
In the revolutions of 1830, Russia crushed the revolt of students, army officers, and landowners in ___________.
Poland
Who does Obrenovic turn to for assistance with the Serbians in 1815?
Russia
Where did revolution not happen in Europe?
Russia; England
Reforms in England included "___ ____ _______ __ ___ ________ ________" in 1838 which discussed all political and parliamentary demands like universal male suffrage, secret ballot, no property qualification to sit in Parliament, etc.
The Six Points of the People's Charter
In 1838, the __________ _____________ __ ______________ ____________ breaks apart, breaking Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica into separate republics.
United Provinces of Central America
In 1791, _________ ___________ leads an army of former slaves and ends slavery in Haiti
Toussaint L'Ouverture
When Napoleon sent a large army to recover Haiti in 1802, __________ ___________was captured and taken to prison in France where he died
Toussaint L'Ouverture
When Napoleon sent a large army to recover Haiti in 1802, __________ ___________urged everyone to fight and the French signed a ______
Toussaint L'Ouverture; truce
In 1803, _________ fever destroyed most of the ________ army and they surrendered to Haiti
Yellow; French
Was Agustin de Iturbide conservative or liberal?
conservative
In 1830, Serbs win _________ in their fight against the Ottomans. Russia continues to defend Serbian interests.
autonomy
What is the word for self-rule?
autonomy
What could defeat as well as fuel revolution?
class conflict; nationalism
After executing Father Jose Morelos, Spanish ___________ hunt down remaining rebels and come close to bringing an end to the revolution, but then ________ climate in Spain changes
conservatives; political
Liberals supported _______-_____ economic policies (Capitalism)
laissez-faire
In the revolutions of 1830, Belgium became an independent state with a _________ constitution.
liberal
Who opposed the old aristocracy and established churches? Conservatives or Liberals
liberals
Who supported rights of liberty, equality, and property? Conservatives or Liberals
liberals
Who supported separation of powers within government? Conservatives or Liberals
liberals
