ch 8.3 psych

What is a common outcome when people are faced with a huge number of choices?

A greater percentage of people become maximizers instead of satisficers.? WRONG

What do cognitive psychologists mean by the "framing effect"?

The way you phrase a question changes people's answers.

Compared to a satisficing strategy, what is the usual outcome from maximizing?

a good decision, but doubts about whether it was the best

Suppose you find it easier to remember times when something bad happened on Friday the 13th than times when nothing went wrong. You conclude that Friday the 13th is dangerous. This tendency illustrates which of the following?

availability heuristic

The tendency to look for evidence supporting one hypothesis without considering other possibilities is the

confirmation bias.

On what type of question are people most likely to be overconfident in their answers?

difficult questions

Zeke sees someone at the grocery store who looks like a famous movie actor. He assumes it really is the actor and overlooks the fact that about 1% of all adult men look a little like that actor. What error has Zeke made?

failure to consider base-rate information

In addition to extensive practice, what else is necessary for developing expertise?

feedback

In thinking and solving problems, when do we use System 2?

for difficult tasks that require attention

If you are trying to think of uses for a brick and you can't think of anything other than building a wall, what error have you made?

functional fixedness

When faced with an unfamiliar item on a test, some students follow the advice, "When in doubt, choose the longest answer." That advice is an example of what?

heuristic

The term "base-rate information" refers to information about

how rare or common something is.

The availability heuristic is based on the assumption that

if we can easily remember examples of something, it must be a common event.

What are algorithms?

mechanical, repetitive mathematical procedures for solving a problem

In decision making, searching until you find something that is good enough is called

satisficing.

What are heuristics?

strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation

You know there are only two librarians who live in your town of 10,000 people. However, when you meet a quiet young woman who likes to read, you decide she is probably a librarian. In your thinking you are relying on

the representativeness heuristic.

For which of these questions would you be most likely to use System 1 instead of System 2?

what shape is a circle?

When is it better to use heuristics than an algorithm to solve a problem?

when there are too many possible hypotheses to test them all

Under what circumstance would you prefer to use a heuristic instead of an algorithm?

when you want to simplify a problem

In which situation would a heuristic be most useful?

you have too many hypotheses to test