ch 9
Match the child's thinking with the stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory.
A child organizes toys by color. Correct label: preoperational A toddler puts toys into his mouth. Correct label: sensorimotor A teenager likes to play fantasy video games. Correct label: formal operational A child likes to play category games. Correct label: concrete operational
Match the stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory with the appropriate action.
A person who has no money steals food, in order to give it to someone who is starving. Correct label: postconventional A person takes three items from the yard sale but pays for two. Correct label: preconventional A person pays his camping fee at a campground based on the honor system. Correct label: conventional
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about dynamic systems theory.
According to dynamic systems theory, a person's behavior is the product of ongoing interactions between the person's internal biology and his or her external cultural and environmental contexts. For example, the Kipsigi people in Kenya deliberately train their children to sit and then to walk, with the result being that their children learn to walk anywhere from 1 to 2 months sooner, on average, than American and Euro
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about Alzheimer's disease.
Although the exact causes of Alzheimer's disease are still unclear, it is known that the memory-related neurotransmitter acetylcholine is very low in Alzheimer's patients, and that the patients' brains come to be characterized by abnormal protein accumulations. Of the people who live to age 85, 6.5 percent will develop the disease.
Match each social emotion or cognitive process with the correct scenario.
Callista, upon seeing someone walk near the edge of the canyon, unconsciously reaches for a handrail. Correct label: empathy Sebastian is sad to learn that his late aunt's dreams for her children will not come true. Correct label: sympathy Tallia, hearing that her sister neglected her chores, expresses disapproval. Correct label: moral judgment
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, what do older adults tend to do when searching for meaning in later life?
Correct Answer(s) Focus on positive experiences they have had, rather than negative ones. Spend time reflecting and sharing memories with their family. Devote more time to close friends. Incorrect Answer(s) Meet and become close with many new people.
Which of the following physical changes occur during puberty?
Correct Answer(s) Height and weight increase. Hormone levels increase. Primary sex characteristics develop. Secondary sex characteristics develop. Incorrect Answer(s) Girls with brothers menstruate earlier. Girls in stressful environments experience delayed menstruation. Girls gain fat on their belly.
Which of the following are some research findings on infant attachment?
Correct Answer(s) Infant attachment behaviors are innate. Infants give their first social smile at 4 to 6 weeks. Displaying attachment behaviors is adaptive. Incorrect Answer(s) Infants do not display attachment behaviors. Adults are not predisposed to respond to infants. All attachment behaviors are learned.
A director of a senior center is designing programs for the senior participants. To support healthy aging and prevent dementia, which of the following components should the director consider?
Correct Answer(s) cognitively stimulating games, such as Jeopardy moderate exercise, such as walking and swimming time for seniors to socialize Incorrect Answer(s) time for seniors to be alone repetitive activities, such as making bead necklaces quiet sitting time
Some symptoms of dementia are progressive decreases in memory, thinking, and behavior. Which of the following can contribute to dementia?
Correct Answer(s) genetic predisposition excessive alcohol consumption HIV Incorrect Answer(s) more acetylcholine in the brain more blood to the brain
In a "scared straight" program, prisoners try to convince teenagers to make good moral decisions so they do not end up in jail. They yell at the teens and describe the terrible conditions and experiences of prison to scare and disgust them. Which of the following brain areas are the teens using to process this information?
Correct Answer(s) insula amygdala Incorrect Answer(s) parietal lobe thalamus
Which of the following capabilities do infants have?
Correct Answer(s) limited visual acuity recognition of sounds acute sense of smell imitate facial expressions Incorrect Answer(s) long-term memory no reflexes
According to Harry Harlow, which of the following do monkeys—and by inference, also human children—need for normal, healthy attachment to their mothers?
Correct Answer(s) physical touch contact comfort Incorrect Answer(s) food
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the behaviors of newborns.
Infants are born with certain reflexes. These include the rooting reflex, by which infants respond to the touch of a nipple by turning their heads and opening their mouths; the sucking reflex, by which infants close their mouths on a nipple and draw milk; and the grasping reflex, by which infants take hold of objects that come in contact with their open hands.
Place the scenarios in order, from earlier to later moral development.
Juanita took the toy because she wanted it. Tim followed the rule to walk in the hallway even when the teacher wasn't present. Suzan shoplifted some medication that a friend desperately needed and that the friend's parents could not afford.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about fetal alcohol syndrome.
Lesley, disregarding her doctor's advice, drinks alcohol heavily during her pregnancy. In doing so, she places her child at risk of being born underweight and with deficient brain growth. In the United States, as many as 8 infants per 1,000 may be born with this condition. If Lesley drinks only in moderation, her child faces less risk of being born with fetal alcohol syndrome.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about married couples raising children.
Married couples with children consistently report less satisfaction with their marriages than childless couples, especially when the children are adolescents. According to marriage researchers, communication is the key to preparing for a happy and successful parenthood.
Place the scenarios in chronological order, based on the age at which each child first displays the behavior described.
Phoebe is distressed to see a playmate cry, although she does not know how to offer comfort. Sabina picks up a juice cup and returns it to the crying child who had dropped it on the floor. Wei recognizes that a toy is being withheld deliberately and shows impatience. Kamal pretends to place a toy in a box, understanding that the other children will believe the toy is in the box when Kamal knows this is actually not the case.
Identify each view on child development as belonging to either Jean Piaget or his contemporary Lev Vygotsky.
Piaget's View -A child's development can be understood by considering how the child interacts with inanimate objects. -A child's development follows a universal, inborn pattern. Vygotsky's View A child's development is heavily influenced by cultural context, especially in later stages. A child's development must be understood by considering how the child interacts with other people. A child's cognitive development is shaped by the child's acquisition of language.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the chemistry of attachment.
Research has established that the hormone oxytocin plays a key role in infant/caregiver attachment. On the emotional level, it promotes maternal tendencies in the mother. On the physical level, sucking by the infant triggers the release of the hormone in the mother, which in turn stimulates breast milk production.
Based on the activities the following children are performing, place them in order from earlier to later stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Robby likes the game of looking for hidden toys. Susanna cries when another child gets a cracker that is broken in two, because it looks like that child got more. Gwen is good at using addition to check her math subtraction answers. Harald writes a paper that states viewpoints both for and against building a new football stadium.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about fetal brain development
The brain's overall pattern of growth is governed mainly by genetic factors. However, this process is also sensitive to environmental influences, involving the strengthening of connections between neurons through myelination and the removal of unused connection through synaptic pruning.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about adolescent development of ethnic identity.
The identify-formation challenge that Erik Erikson describes is especially complex for children in ethnic minority groups. They are aware of how their groups are labeled by the dominant culture and often have to serve as "cultural brokers", helping their parents with paperwork and acting as translators. If all goes well, however, the children develop valuable skills and a bicultural identity.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about a certain kind of attachment formation.
The psychologist Konrad Lorenz adopted the term imprinting to refer to attachment behavior that is preprogrammed to occur, by instinct, a short time after birth. It is observed in birds that are capable of walking soon after hatching. They begin following the first adult animal they see, even if it belongs to another species.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about sex and gender.
The reality of sex and gender is more complicated than simply male versus female. Biological sex refers both to chromosomes and to the associated physical characteristics. Intersex refers to individuals whose chromosomes and physical characteristics do not neatly correspond. Transgender refers to individuals whose biological sex does not match their gender identity, i.e., their sense of being male or female, as expressed in the gender role they feel natural and comfortable patterning their behavior on.
identify the statements about memory and intellect as they relate to aging as either true or false.
True Fluid intelligence decreases with age. Crystallized intelligence increases with age. Alzheimer's disease may develop if there is a genetic predisposition. False Working memory is less affected by age.
Identify the statements about Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development as either true or false.
True It has not been subjected to enough direct research. There is little evidence that there are eight stages or that the stages are sequential. False It does not address the role of the environment in which a child develops. It ignores gender identity as well as cultural identity. It states that the challenges of each stage of the life span are separate and have no influence on other stages.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about infantile amnesia.
Unlike amnesia in adults, infantile amnesia is not a disorder but a normal condition: It is one's inability to recall events that occurred before the age of about 3 or 4 years. Some researchers explain this phenomenon as a consequence of the toddler brain's immature memory structures, while others see a connection to the pace of language development. A third camp holds that young children do not yet understand the world well enough to encode sensory information effectively.
Kyla is 6 years old, and she is able to learn and recall how to use iPads and computer games more quickly than her grandmother. Her grandmother, however, always wins when playing games that rely on facts and history, such as Jeopardy. Kyla's grandmother wins at these games because older people have better _________ intelligence
crystallized
Match each type of prenatal teratogen with its physical consequence when brought into contact with a fetus.
five- to tenfold increase in risk of sudden infant death Correct label: methadone tremors, vomiting, diarrhea, and rapid breathing during the first weeks of life Correct label: methadone microcephaly and brain abnormalities Correct label: Zika virus abnormalities in the eyes and other facial features Correct label: alcohol