Ch.1

B) disagreement about what should be included in the definition

1) What is the best explanation for so many different definitions of leadership? A) scholarly nitpicking about trivial issues B) disagreement about what should be included in the definition C) little opportunity for rigorous scientific analysis D) leadership is a very old topic with centuries of definitions

A) individual

10) A theory that emphasizes leader traits and skills as determinants of leadership behavior is best categorized at what level? A) individual B) dyadic C) group D) organizational

B) prescriptive

11) A theory that explains the most effective pattern of leadership behavior in a specified situation is best classified as ________. A) descriptive B) prescriptive C) universal D) comprehensive

C) multi-level

12) A theory that describes how changes by top management in the structure and culture of an organization affect the behavior of employees is best described as a ________ theory. A) prescriptive B) hierarchical C) multi-level D) complexity

A) direct

13) Most of the leadership theory and research has described ________ leadership. A) direct B) ethical C) informal D) toxic

B) integrative

14) A leadership theory that describes relationships among leader traits, behavior, influence processes, outcomes, and situational variables is best classified as ________. A) descriptive B) integrative C) comprehensive D) universal

A) Immediate and delayed outcomes are usually consistent with each other.

15) Which is the LEAST accurate statement about the outcomes of leadership actions? A) Immediate and delayed outcomes are usually consistent with each other. B) Immediate outcomes are easier to predict than end-result outcomes. C) Immediate and delayed outcomes are usually interrelated in complex causal chains. D) End-result outcomes are less useful as criteria of leadership effectiveness.

A) Managers and leaders are different types of people.

16) Which statement about leaders and managers is MOST accurate according to Yukl? A) Managers and leaders are different types of people. B) Managing and leading are mutually exclusive and unrelated. C) Managing is not important for effective leadership. D) Leadership is important for the success of most managers.

D) differ in many respects

17) The numerous definitions of leadership ________. A) are almost identical B) overlap a great deal C) have nothing in common D) differ in many respects

C) reflect deep disagreement about the identification of leaders and leadership processes

18) The differences among the various definitions of leadership ________. A) are nothing more than scholarly nit-picking B) merely express the same criteria in different terminology C) reflect deep disagreement about the identification of leaders and leadership processes D) reject the assumption that it is a process in which intention influence is exerted over other people

A) Deliberate influence is exercised over other people.

19) On which assumption do most definitions of leadership agree? A) Deliberate influence is exercised over other people. B) Influence over others is to be avoided. C) Influence should be exerted to punish, not to motivate. D) People cannot be influenced to do something they do not wish to do.

D) Leadership is an influence process.

2) What is the most common element in definitions of leadership? A) Leadership is an authority relationship. B) Leadership is the ability to make good decisions. C) Leadership is an attribution made by followers. D) Leadership is an influence process.

B) specialized role

20) Researchers who view leadership as a ________ are more likely to pay attention to the attributes that determine selection of designated leaders. A) shared influence process B) specialized role C) group engagement activity D) function that jeopardizes the effectiveness of the group

B) It distinguishes between leader and follower roles.

21) Which is true of the body of thinking that views leadership as a specialized role? A) It suggests that a person in the group cannot perform both leader and follower roles at the same time. B) It distinguishes between leader and follower roles. C) It does not consider the effects of the leader's behavior on other members of the group. D) Less attention is paid to the typical behavior of designated leaders.

D) believe that leadership is a real and important phenomenon

22) Most behavioral scientists and practitioners ________. A) dispute that leadership is a useful scientific construct B) agree completely on the definition of leadership C) have lost interest in the subject of leadership D) believe that leadership is a real and important phenomenon

C) believe it is more useful to study leadership as a pattern of relationships

23) Researchers who consider leadership to be an influence process that occurs within a societal system, diffused among the members, ________. A) posit that leadership is best studied as a specialized role B) suggest that leadership may only be exhibited informally C) believe it is more useful to study leadership as a pattern of relationships D) contend that leadership is important for the success of most managers

A) should not limit the definition of leadership

24) The ethical use of power ________. A) should not limit the definition of leadership B) must restrict the type of influence processes that researchers study C) is not of concern to most leadership scholars D) is not a legitimate concern

A) No, because acts of leadership have multiple motives, and it is seldom possible to determine the extent to which they are selfless rather than selfish.

25) Should the domain of leadership processes to study be limited by the leader's intended purpose? A) No, because acts of leadership have multiple motives, and it is seldom possible to determine the extent to which they are selfless rather than selfish. B) Yes, because leadership only occurs when people are influenced to do what is ethical and beneficial for the organization and themselves. C) No, because the actions of a leader are never more detrimental than beneficial for followers. D) Yes, because actions motivated solely by a leader's personal needs cannot result in unintended benefits for followers.

B) emotion

26) Until the 1980s, few theories of leadership recognized the importance of ________ as a basis for influence. A) reason B) emotion C) monetary gain D) prestige

B) both rational and emotional

27) The conceptualization of leadership should include ________ processes. A) neither rational nor emotional B) both rational and emotional C) rational but not emotional D) emotional but not rational

D) cascading

28) Which of the following is an example of indirect leadership? A) emailing B) texting C) presenting a speech D) cascading

B) Indirect

29) ________ leadership is the term used to describe how a chief executive can influence people at lower levels in the organization who do have immediate contact with the leader. A) Direct B) Indirect C) Specialized role D) Influence process

C) are important for designing and interpreting research

3) Definitions of leadership ________. A) are usually derived by systematic observation of leaders B) are only minor variations of the same general description C) are important for designing and interpreting research D) are pointless because there is no basis for their verification

B) A person cannot have the job title "manager" without at least one subordinate to lead.

30) Which statement is true in the context of the ongoing controversy about the distinction between management and leadership? A) A person cannot be a leader without being a manager. B) A person cannot have the job title "manager" without at least one subordinate to lead. C) There is clear agreement on the area of overlap between management and leadership. D) Leadership can be viewed as one of several managerial roles.

C) both a social influence process but not a specialized role

31) In this text, leadership is treated as ________. A) a specialized role but not a social influence process B) a social influence process but not a specialized role C) both a social influence process but not a specialized role D) neither a specialized role nor a social influence process

A) manager, and boss

32) In this text, the terms leader, ________ are used interchangeably to refer to people who occupy positions in which they are expected to perform the leadership role, but without any assumptions about their actual behavior or success. A) manager, and boss B) subordinate, and manager C) subordinate, and direct report D) staff, and boss

D) follower

33) In the text, the term ________ is used to describe a person who acknowledges the focal leader as the primary source of guidance about the work, regardless of how much formal authority the leader actually has over the person. A) subordinate B) partner C) outsider D) follower

B) differ from one writer to another

34) Conceptions of leader effectiveness ________. A) are based on the same criteria B) differ from one writer to another C) have nothing in common D) do not reflect effectiveness in terms of the consequences of influence

C) rating obtained from the leader's superiors

35) Which is an example of a subjective measure of performance? A) net profits B) return on investment C) rating obtained from the leader's superiors D) costs in relation to budgeted expenditures

B) objective

36) Market share is an example of a(n) ________ measure of performance. A) ineffective B) objective C) subjective D) relative

B) usually measured with questionnaires or interviews

37) Follower attitudes and perceptions of the leader are ________. A) not a common indicator of effectiveness B) usually measured with questionnaires or interviews C) calculated using sales data D) impossible to measure

D) Does the leader contribute to the efficiency of role specialization?

39) Which question concerns measuring leader effectiveness in terms of the leaders' contribution to the quality of group processes, as perceived by followers or outside observers? A) Do followers like, respect, and admire the leader? B) Have sales figures achieved by followers increased during the leader's tenure? C) Are followers likely to resist or subvert the leader's requests? D) Does the leader contribute to the efficiency of role specialization?

D) facilitating collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives

4) What process is emphasized in the definition of leadership proposed by Yukl? A) influencing followers to have complete trust in the leader B) motivating followers to do more than they initially expected C) empowering each follower to become self reliant D) facilitating collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives

B) A leader has a rapid ascent to positions of higher authority.

40) Which of the following would be MOST relevant to measuring the extent to which a person has had a successful career as a leader? A) A leader enhances group cohesiveness. B) A leader has a rapid ascent to positions of higher authority. C) A leader decreases costs in relation to budgeted expenditures. D) A leader improves the quality of work life for followers.

immediate; delayed

41) The ________ result of an influence attempt is whether followers are willing to do what the leader asks, but a(n) ________ effect is how well followers actually perform the assignment. A) immediate; delayed B) delayed; immediate C) follower; leader D) leader; follower

D) may be very different from the delayed outcome

42) When the immediate and delayed effects on the same criterion are inconsistent, the immediate outcome ________. A) will be positive while the delayed outcome will be even more positive B) will be negative while the delayed outcome will be positive C) is likely to be identical to the delayed outcome D) may be very different from the delayed outcome

C) questionnaires filled out by subordinates and other people who interact with the leader

43) Which is the most common method used to study leadership effectiveness? A) descriptions of leader actions and decisions from observation and diaries, and critical incidents B) examination of social networks within organizations C) questionnaires filled out by subordinates and other people who interact with the leader D) experiments in which researchers assess effects of different patterns of leader behavior on group processes and outcomes

C) minimizes the limitations of a single method

44) The use of multiple methods for studying leadership ________. A) is the norm among researchers today B) tends to be more common than using one familiar, well-accepted method C) minimizes the limitations of a single method D) muddles the research results and is therefore ineffective

A) Biographies of famous leaders

45) ________ can be content analyzed to identify behavior used by effective and ineffective leaders. A) Biographies of famous leaders B) Questionnaires filled out by leaders themselves C) Videos that show different patterns of leadership behavior D) Fictional accounts of group behavior

C) characteristics of industries

46) Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of variables that are relevant for understanding leadership effectiveness? A) characteristics of leaders B) characteristics of followers C) characteristics of industries D) characteristics of situations

B) National cultural values

47) ________ is an example of the "characteristics of the situation" key variable. A) Skills and expertise B) National cultural values C) Influence tactics D) Task commitment and effort

D) characteristics of both the leader and the followers

48) Confidence and optimism is a characteristic of which key variable(s) in leadership theories? A) characteristics of the leader B) characteristics of the followers C) characteristics of the situation D) characteristics of both the leader and the followers

A) one category more than the others

49) Most leadership theories emphasize ________ as the primary basis for explaining effective leadership. A) one category more than the others B) two categories, equally C) two categories, with one featured more prominently, D) all three categories

C) by a variety of subjective and objective criteria

5) Leadership effectiveness is best assessed ________. A) by evaluations from the leader's boss B) by subordinate evaluations of the leader C) by a variety of subjective and objective criteria D) by objective indicators of group performance

C) nature-nurture approach

50) Which of the following is NOT one of the five approaches into which the theories and empirical research reviewed in the text are classified? A) trait approach B) behavior approach C) nature-nurture approach D) power-influence approach

B) trait

51) The ________ approach emphasizes attributes of leaders such as personality, motives, values, and skills. A) behavior B) trait C) power-influence D) situational

A) behavior; trait

52) The ________ approach began in the early 1950s after many researchers became discouraged with the ________ approach and began to pay closer attention to what managers actually do on the job. A) behavior; trait B) power-influence; situational C) trait; behavior D) situational; power-influence

D) survey field study

53) The most common research method in the behavior approach has been a ________. A) laboratory experiment B) field experiment C) critical incident D) survey field study

C) important for influencing subordinates as well as peers, superiors, clients, and suppliers

54) In the power-influence approach, power is viewed as ________. A) valuable only for the degree to which it influences subordinates B) essential for influencing industry trends C) important for influencing subordinates as well as peers, superiors, clients, and suppliers D) secondary to other leader behaviors including tireless energy and penetrating intuition

A) emphasize leader and follower values as well as leader behavio

55) Charismatic and transformational leadership ________. A) emphasize leader and follower values as well as leader behavior B) highlight the importance of contextual factors that influence leader behavior C) explain leadership effectiveness in terms of the amount and type of power possessed by a leader D) emphasize personality, motives, values, and skills

C) values

56) Theories of ethical leadership, authentic leadership, servant leadership, and spiritual leadership all view leader ________ as the foundation for the leader's goals and behaviors and their impact on followers. A) behaviors B) traits C) values D) situations

B) dyadic

57) Leadership can be described as a(n) ________ process involving leader interaction with one subordinate. A) intra-individual B) dyadic C) group D) organizational

D) How are leaders influenced by role expectations and constraint?

58) Which is a typical research question for the intra-individual level of conceptualization? A) How do leaders make decisions about competitive strategy and external initiatives? B) How is leadership shared in the group or team? C) How does a leader influence subordinate motivation and task commitment? D) How are leaders influenced by role expectations and constraint?

C) group

59) At which level of conceptualization is the research question, "How leaders influence the shared mental models of team members?" A) intra-individual B) dyadic C) group D) organization

A) leader characteristics

6) Most leadership theories emphasize ________. A) leader characteristics B) follower characteristics C) both leader and follower characteristics D) characteristics of the leadership situation

A) dyadic or group-level; organization-level

60) As compared to ________ theories of leadership, ________ theories usually provide a better explanation of financial performance by an organization. A) dyadic or group-level; organization-level B) organization-level or group-level; dyadic C) dyadic or organization-level; group-level D) organization-level or group-level; intra-individual

B) leader without much concern for follower characteristics

61) Most leadership theories emphasize the characteristics and actions of the ________. A) follower without much concern for leader characteristics B) leader without much concern for follower characteristics C) follower and the leader equally D) follower, the leader, and the industry equally

B) Attribution theory

62) ________ describes how followers view a leader's influence on events and outcomes. A) Empowerment theory B) Attribution theory C) The leader substitute theory D) The emotional contagion theory of charisma

C) influence important events

63) Empowerment theory describes how followers view their ability to ________. A) Follow leadership requests and commands B) influence other followers C) influence important events D) manage their own responsibilities

D) self-managed groups

64) Sharing of leadership functions among the members of a group are emphasized in which type of theories? A) leader substitutes B) empowerment C) emotional contagion theories of charisma D) self-managed groups

A) less useful

65) Theories that focus almost exclusively on either the leader or the follower are ________ than theories that offer a more even-handed explanation. A) less useful B) more useful C) more realistic D) less inclusive

A) identify necessary conditions for using a particular type of behavior effectively

66) Prescriptive theories ________. A) identify necessary conditions for using a particular type of behavior effectively B) explain leadership processes C) describe the typical activities of leaders D) explain why certain behaviors occur in particular situations

A) They specify what leaders must do to become effective.

67) Which statement regarding descriptive theories is NOT true? A) They specify what leaders must do to become effective. B) They describe the typical activities of leaders. C) They explain why certain behaviors occur in particular situations. D) They explain leadership processes.

C) especially useful

68) When a wide discrepancy exists between what leaders typically do and what they should do to be most effective, a prescriptive theory is ________. A) inapplicable B) less valuable than a descriptive theory C) especially useful D) not the optimal one

D) a descriptive contingency

69) A theory that explains how leader behavior varies from one situation to another would be described as ________ theory. A) a prescriptive universal B) a descriptive universal C) a prescriptive contingency D) a descriptive contingency

B) leadership behavior

7) What aspect of leadership has been emphasized most often in leadership theories and research during the past half century? A) leader traits and skills B) leadership behavior C) leader power and authority D) the leadership situation

B) They describe aspects of leadership that apply to some situations but not to others.

70) Which statement about contingency theories is true? A) They describe an aspect of leadership that applies to all types of situations. B) They describe aspects of leadership that apply to some situations but not to others. C) They can simultaneously be descriptive and prescriptive. D) They can be descriptive but not prescriptive.

B) dyadic

8) What level of leadership processes is emphasized in most theories of effective leadership? A) intra-individual B) dyadic C) group D) organizational

B) prescriptive and universal

9) A theory that identifies the essential behaviors for any type of leader is best classified as ________. A) descriptive and universal B) prescriptive and universal C) descriptive and situational D) prescriptive and situational