Ch.11 : Axial and Appendicular Muscles, chapter 10 Muscle tissue

Which muscles extend the forearm?

- anconeus - triceps brachii

Skeletal muscles are grouped according to their primary actions into which of the following three types?

- antagonists - agonists - synergists

Which muscles flex the forearm?

- brachialis - biceps brachii - brachioradialis

In general, muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh tend to ______.

- extend the thigh at the hip joint - flex the leg at the knee joint

Which of the following is/are functions of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

- flex and extend the toes - abduct and adduct the toes - support the arches

In general, muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh tend to ______.

- flex the thigh at the hip joint - extend the leg at the knee joint

The functions of the erector spinae muscles include ______.

- lateral flexion of vertebral column - extension of vertebral column - maintenance of posture

What are some terms used in naming muscles according to orientation of fascicles?

- oblique - rectus

Extrinsic muscles of the wrist and hand ______.

- originate in the forearm - flex or extend the hand - flex or extend the thumb and fingers

Which muscles move the glenohumeral joint and originate on the axial skeleton?

- pectoralis major - latissimus dorsi

What are some terms used in naming muscles according to shape?

- rhomboid - trapezius - deltoid

Contraction of anterior muscles of the thigh results in ______.

- rotation of the thigh - flexion of the thigh

Muscles that move the knee joint ______.

- within each compartment have similar actions on the knee joint - are separated into anatomical compartments by deep fascia

Smooth muscle is found in which of the following locations?

-Around blood vessels -In the wall of the small intestine -In the wall of the uterus

Multiunit smooth muscle is found in which of the following locations?

-Arrector pili muscles in the skin -Iris of the eye

Which can cause muscle fatigue?

-Na+ or K+ imbalances -Insufficient Ca2+ -Build up of intracellular Pi

The skeletal muscles arranged in layers along the walls of the abdominal cavity and the floor of the pelvic cavity perform what function?

-Protection -Compression -Contraction -Support

In which activities are muscles in an isometric contraction?

-Pushing on a locked door -Sitting up very straight -Holding a yoga pose

A neuromuscular junction contains a_____

-Synaptic cleft -Motor end plate -Synaptic knob

Which are characteristics of oxidative fibers?

-Use aerobic respiration -Good for endurance -Red -High concentration of myoglobin

Correct order of occurrence once ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft of a NMJ:

1. ACh binds to receptors on the motor end plate. 2. The resulting action potential moves down the sarcolemma 3. The action potential moves down the t-tubules 4.The action potential reaches the reminal cisternae of the SR. 5.Calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm

Stages of cross-bridge cycling in order:

1. Calcium binds troponin; myosin binding site uncovered 2. Cross-bridge formation 3. Power stroke 4. Release of myosin head by ATP 5. Reset of myosin head

Neuromuscular junction in order

1.Arrival of nerve signal at synaptic knob 2. Calcium entry into synaptic knob 3. Exocytosis of ACh into synaptic cleft 4. Binding of ACh to motor end plate

The glenohumeral joint is crossed by ______ muscles.

11

Identify the muscles as indicated in the inferior views of the male and female superficial pelvic floor muscles. Item A ___. Item B ___. Item C ___ ___.

A - bulbospongiosus B - ischiocavernosus C - levator ani

Using the figure of the anterior leg, match the letter with the muscle.

A - fibularis longus B - gastrocnemius C - extensor digitorum longus

Identify the extrinsic eye muscles specified in the image of the right eye, lateral view. Item A—Superior ___. Item B—Inferior ___

A - rectus B - oblique

Which of the following will remain a fixed length during contraction?

A band

Muscle fiber

A muscle cell

Acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft is needed so that ____will not continuously stimulate the cell to contract.

ACh

The arrival of a nerve impulse at the synaptic knob of a motor neuron causes synaptic vesicles to release _____ into the synaptic cleft

ACh

In a neuromuscular junction, what enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?

AChE

ACh is an acronym for

Acetylcholine

Thin filaments in a smooth muscle cells contain which proteins?

Actin, Tropomyosin

Long Term

Aerobic Respiration

Short term

Anaerobic Respiration

In a muscle cell, the short term energy is supplied by ____respiration, while long term energy is supplied by_____

Anaerobic/Aerobic

Which of the following can stimulate contraction of a smooth muscle?

Any of these -Hormones -stretch -low pH -CO2

After breaking your arm, you have a cast on it for three months. When the cast is removed, your arm looks much smaller than it did before. What process caused this to happen?

Atrophy

The connective tissue layers in muscle provide: protection,distribution sites for blood vessels and nerves and a means of_____ to the skeleton

Attachment

Which of the following muscles in the figure is the tibialis anterior?

B

Which of the following characteristics is associated with better anaerobic capacity?

Better capacity to form lactic acid

The cell bodies of motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles cells are located in the

Brain or spinal cord

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ____ions needed to initiate muscle contraction

Calcium

Sarcoplasm in a resting muscle fiber contains which of the following except:

Calcium ions

In addition to skeletal muscle, two other types of muscle are found in the body: ______ muscle and ______ muscle

Cardiac, Smooth

The sarcolemma of smooth muscle has small invaginations called______

Caveolae

As a result of muscle fiber contraction, thick filaments in neighboring sarcomeres move____

Closer together

Tension development while shortening is called

Concentric

Posture

Contraction of specific skeletal muscles stabilizes joints

Immediate

Creatine Phosphate

For a muscle's short term energy needs, once ATP is exhausted,

Creatine phosphate replenishes ATP

Sarcoplasm

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

The amount of additional oxygen that must be inhaled in order to restore pre-exercise levels is called oxygen ____

Debt

A person's tolerance for exercise _____with age.

Decreases

Anchoring point between intermediate filaments and the sarcoplasm

Dense Body

Which of these cellular elements is found only in smooth muscle?

Dense bodies

The epimysium of a muscle is composed of ____connective tissue

Dense irregular

Anchoring point between intermediate filaments and the sarcolemma

Dense plaque

A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one Z _____to the next

Disc

After contraction, muscle returns to its original relaxed position due to it's natural_____

Elasticity

Which of these terms refers to the ability of muscles to return to their resting length after stretching?

Elasticity

Which of the following happens NEXT after stimulation of a muscle cell at a neuromuscular junction?

Electrical current travels down T tubules

Muscle cell

Endomysium

The connective tissue element that wraps around individual myfiber is

Endomysium

Muscle

Epimysium

Muscle cells are said to have what characteristic because they can respond to stimulation from the nervous system?

Excitability

The synaptic knob of the neuron is an ____of an axon

Expanded tip

True or false: The intrinsic muscles of the foot act primarily to evert and invert the foot.

False

Intermediate fibers have a high resistance to

Fatigue

Smooth muscle is composed of short cells that have a ___shape

Fusiform

Smooth

Fusiform-shaped cell

Temperature regulation

Heat is produced as a waste product of energy usage

An increase in muscle fiber size is called _______

Hypertrophy

Multiunit smooth muscle cells are stimulated ______

Individually

Cytoskeleton network

Intermediate filaments

Smooth muscle contraction is under ______control of the nervous system

Involuntary

During an____contraction, the length of the muscle does not change.

Isometric

The motor neuron transmits the effect of a nerve impulse to the muscle fiber at a neuromuscular

Junction

Skeletal

Long,cylindrical fiber

The ______ line is a thin, transverse, protein meshwork structure in the center of the H zone of a sarcomere

M

Although muscle fibers obey the all or none principle, the force of muscle contraction can be carried depending on how many _____units are used

Motor

In a motor unit, a single ____neuron typically controls numerous muscle fibers in a muscle.

Motor

Skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by ____neurons

Motor

The type of smooth muscle found in large arteries is

Multi unit smooth muscle

Body movement

Muscles contract and pull on the tendons that attach the muscles to the bones

A group of heredity diseases in which skeletal muscles degenerate and are replace with adipose:

Muscular dystrophy

During development, many groups of _____fuse to form single skeletal muscles fibers

Myoblasts

Myofibrils are made of

Myofilaments

Thick myofilaments are composed of bundles of what protein molecule?

Myosin

T-tubule

Narrow, tubular extensions of the sarcolemma in the sarcoplasm

Fascicle

Perimysium

ATP is generate when the enzyme creatine kinase transfers Pi from creatine ______ to ADP

Phosphate

Sarcolemma

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

At rest, the sarcoplasm has a relatively higher concentration of

Potassium

As you hold a barbell and begin to flex your arm in a curl, your biceps brachii slowly lifts the weight by using more and more motor units. This phenomenon, which increases the strength of the contraction, is referred to as

Recruitment

Which of the following must occur before relaxation can begin?

Removal of ACh at the NMJ by acetylcholinesterase

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the

Sacolemma

Within a myofibril, each______shortens as the muscle fiber contracts

Sarcomere

Calcium in a resting muscle cell is contained in

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Cardiac

Short,branched cell

In an isotonic contraction, the muscle fibers___,resulting in movement.

Shorten or lengthen

The_____filament theory explains how muscle fibers shorten during contraction

Sliding

this is the name of our model of how much muscles contract

Sliding filament

What type of muscle forms the majority of the walls of the digestive tract?

Smooth

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a muscle fiber

Although smooth muscle cells have both thick and thin filaments, they are not precisely aligned, so no visible_____are present.

Striations

The motor end plate has folds and indentations to increase the membranes surface area adjacent to the______

Synaptic Knob

A cord like structure that attaches muscle to bone is a____

Tendon

Relaxation Period

Tension decreases

Contraction period

Tension increases

When calcium ions bind to troponin, which of the following then occur?

The myosin binding sites on actin are exposed

Latent period

There is no tension

The H-band (or H-zone) is more lightly shaded because only_____filaments are present

Thick

Myofibrils are composed of

Thick and thin myofilaments

The minimum voltage necessary to produce a visible contraction in a muscle experiment is called

Threshold

A step wise increase in the force of contraction of a single muscle fiber or motor unit due to repeated stimulation with out an increase or frequency of stimulation is called

Treppe

When a muscle fiber is in a relaxed state, the_____ molecules cover the G-actin active sites, preventing interaction between thick filaments and thin filaments

Tropomyosin

T/F: A byproduct of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid

True

T/F: If a muscle is stretched too much, the contraction will be very weak.

True

T/F: Stimulating the nerve with higher voltage in a muscle experiment results in stronger contractions because of recruitment of more motor units

True

The term that indicates that skeletal muscle is under the conscious control is

Voluntary

Storage and movement of materials

Voluntary sphincter muscles of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts can be kept closed or opened

When the triceps brachii extends the elbow, its action is considered to be that of which of the following?

agonist

The extensor digitorum longus is on the ______ side of the leg.

anterior

The muscles in the ______ compartment of the arm flexes the arm at the elbow.

anterior

The orbicularis oris muscle is named for its ______.

arrangement of muscle fascicles and body location

The orbicularis oris muscle is an example of a ______ muscle.

circular

The buccinator muscle ______.

compresses the cheek

The suprahyoid muscles ______ the hyoid bone.

elevate

The muscles of the thenar and hypothenar group form fleshy masses, each called a(n) ______, a term given to a circumscribed area raised above the general level of the surrounding surface.

eminence

Which muscle group maintains a person's posture and helps the individual to stand erect?

erector spinae

The muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh flex the thigh and ______ the knee.

extend

Contraction of gluteal muscles results in ______.

extension of the thigh

The muscles of the abdominal wall indicated by the letter A in the picture is the ______.

external oblique muscle

Most muscles in the forearm are called ______ muscles of the hand and wrist because these muscles arise from the forearm, not the wrist or hand.

extrinsic

During inspiration, muscles of respiration ______.

increase the space of the thoracic cavity

Muscles of the anterior neck that are inferior to the hyoid bone are called ______ muscles.

infrahyoid

The thoracic muscles increase the space of the thoracic cavity during ______.

inspiration

The ______ muscles of the foot move the toes.

intrinsic

The hypothenar group forms a small fleshy mass at the base of the ______.

little finger

Which term refers to the process of chewing?

mastication

Which muscle adducts the eye?

medial rectus

The ______ is formed by three layers of muscles and associated fasciae.

pelvic diaphragm

The pectoralis major is an example of a muscle that ______ the scapula.

protracts

When an appendicular muscle is contracting, the less moveable muscle attachment is usually the ______ attachment.

proximal

Which is not an abdominal wall muscle?

rectus femoris

A circular muscle is also called a(n) ______.

sphincter

The neck muscle indicated by the letter B in the given diagram is the ______.

splenius capitis muscle

The neck muscle indicated by the letter A in the provided picture is the ______.

sternocleidomastoid muscle

Usually during axial muscle contraction, the more moveable muscle attachment, the ______ attachment is pulled toward the less moveable muscle attachment.

superior

The muscles of the anterior neck that are superior to the hyoid bone are called ______.

suprahyoid muscles

The letter A indicates which facial muscle is the picture?

the buccinator muscle

Which muscle compresses the cheek against the teeth, as in chewing, when it contracts?

the buccinator muscle

The muscles that protract the scapula are ______.

the serratus anterior and pectoralis minor

Put in simple terms, the intrinsic muscles of the hand are classified anatomically as the group at the base of the thumb (the ______ group), those found at the base of the little finger (the ______ group), and everything in between (the ______ group).

thenar; hypothenar; midpalmar

Under the light microscope, the dark (A) bands observed in skeletal muscle contain ______ filaments

thick and thin