ch.15 APWH

17. This eighteenth-century Muslim religious leader emphasized women's rights to control their dowries and divorce, and to engage in commerce. a. Ibn Saud b. Ibn Battuta c. Muhammad Ali Jinnah d. Al-Wahhab

d. Al-Wahhab

26. Which of the following is a reason why the Scientific Revolution occurred in Europe? a. Christianity was more open to scientific learning than other religions. b. Europeans had access to ancient Greek learning, especially the works of Aristotle, that were not available to the rest of the world. c. Europe was more prosperous and culturally advanced than the rest of the world by the sixteenth century. d. Europe's universities had autonomy in which scholars could develop ideas reasonably free from both the Church and secular authorities.

d. Europe's universities had autonomy in which scholars could develop ideas reasonably free from both the Church and secular authorities.

29. Church authorities forced this early astronomer to renounce publicly his thesis that the earth moves. a. Johannes Kepler b. Nicolaus Copernicus c. Isaac Newton d. Galileo Galilei

d. Galileo Galilei

24. Why is Nanak important to world history? a. She was a great poet of the bhakti tradition. b. He was a Mughal emperor who tried to purify Islam. c. He was a Muslim reformer whose pure form of Islam is still important today. d. He founded the Sikh religion.

d. He founded the Sikh religion

21. What was bhakti? a. A Hindu devotional movement b. A new religion that combined elements of Hinduism and Islam c. A reforming movement in Islam that sought to return to the pure practice of the Quran d. A Chinese intellectual movement that stressed rigorous analysis and accuracy

a. A Hindu devotional movement

6. What was a Huguenot? a. A member of the Protestant minority in France b. A Bohemian heretic, whose doctrine prefigured the Protestant Reformation c. A member of a monastic order, one of the many suppressed by the Protestant Reformation d. An early Protestant preacher in France

a. A member of the Protestant minority in France

10. What was Taki Onqoy? a. A religious revivalist movement in central Peru in the 1560s b. An anti-Christian preaching campaign in China c. A Mexican rebellion against Spanish rule that also included some religious elements d. A church-based association of laypeople in Catholic Latin America

a. A religious revivalist movement in central Peru in the 1560s

40. Which of the following best describes the state created by Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad Ibn Saud in the 1740s? a. A state based on a pure and strict interpretation of Islam b. A state dedicated to the creation of material wealth c. A state open to learning and understanding the world's other religions d. A state defined by corruption, greed, and non-Islamic values

a. A state based on a pure and strict interpretation of Islam

19. What was kaozheng? a. An elite Chinese movement that emphasized the importance of precision, accuracy, and rigorous analysis b. A movement that combined Confucianism with insights from Buddhism and Daoism c. The Jesuit practice of accommodating to Chinese elite culture while working as missionaries in China d. A movement that sought to gain union with a god through intense religious devotion

a. An elite Chinese movement that emphasized the importance of precision, accuracy, and rigorous analysis

33. Which of the following was NOT a result of the Thirty Years' War? a. Catholic forces regained control over most of Europe. b. About 15 to 30 percent of the German population was exterminated. c. Individual states gained the power to choose Protestantism or Catholicism. d. Europe was permanently divided between Protestant and Catholic lands.

a. Catholic forces regained control over most of Europe.

49. Which of the following best describes the Enlightenment-era philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau? a. Children should be educated in nature, not in society. b. Children should be protected from nature and kept inside society. c. Nature imbued people with traits of greed and envy. d. Children should begin reading books as early as possible.

a. Children should be educated in nature, not in society.

58. Jesuit missionaries in China tried to point out parallels between Christianity and ______________. a. Confucianism b. Buddhism c. Taoism d. Islam e. Hinduism

a. Confucianism

44. Why was the legal concept of a "corporation" so important to the development of the European Scientific Revolution? a. It allowed universities to have a measure of educational and intellectual freedom from church or state authorities. b. It allowed for large-scale businesses to develop that could fund research. c. It allowed universities to make profits. d. It allowed churches and monasteries to make profits off of their inventions.

a. It allowed universities to have a measure of educational and intellectual freedom from church or state authorities.

2. The father of the Protestant Reformation was a. Martin Luther. b. John Calvin. c. Henry VIII. d. René Descartes.

a. Martin Luther.

47. How does the Enlightenment compare to the Scientific Revolution? a. The Enlightenment applied the scientific approach to knowledge to human affairs. b. The Enlightenment refers to people's growing awareness of the Scientific Revolution. c. The Enlightenment inspired the Scientific Revolution. d. The Enlightenment was more mystical than the Scientific Revolution.

a. The Enlightenment applied the scientific approach to knowledge to human affairs.

14. What made Emperor Kangxi forbid the teaching of Christianity in China in 1715? a. The pope claimed authority over Chinese Christians and forbade the Jesuit policy of accommodation. b. Jesuit missionaries in China threw their support behind an unsuccessful rebellion. c. Jesuit missionaries in China were accused of immoral relations with the emperor's young nephew. d. A great Buddhist temple in Shanghai was burned down, and Christians were blamed.

a. The pope claimed authority over Chinese Christians and forbade the Jesuit policy of accommodation.

27. How did educated Europeans understand the universe before the Scientific Revolution? a. They believed that the earth was at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and stars revolving around it. b. They believed that the earth was flat and people would fall off if they sailed too far. c. They believed that the earth went around the sun, but other planets went around the earth. d. They believed that the sun was at the center of the universe, and planets including the earth went around it in perfectly circular revolutions.

a. They believed that the earth was at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and stars revolving around it.

62. Kaozheng was a Chinese movement that was intended to "seek truth from __________." a. facts b. revelation c. feelings d. beliefs e. spirits

a. facts

51. Martin Luther believed that ___________ alone would bring salvation. a. faith b. good works c. prayer d. Holy Communion e. morality

a. faith

34. Which of the following was a major difference between Protestants and Catholics in European colonies? a. Catholics built churches; Protestants did not. b. Catholics sought to convert native peoples; Protestants did not. c. Catholics did not condone slavery; Protestants did. d. Catholics were focused on getting rich; Protestants were not.

b. Catholics sought to convert native peoples; Protestants did not.

31. How did Martin Luther's belief in the Bible as the source of religious truth threaten the power of the Church? a. The Church could not print enough Bibles for every Christian. b. It freed individuals to disagree with the Church's interpretation of Christianity. c. It placed a person's salvation solely in the hands of Luther's interpretation of the Bible. d. It eliminated the idea of faith.

b. It freed individuals to disagree with the Church's interpretation of Christianity.

42. How might the Hindu practice of bhakti have threatened the social order in India? a. It sought to revive Hinduism. b. It set aside caste distinctions. c. It encouraged foot washing. d. It sought to combine Islam and Hinduism.

b. It set aside caste distinctions.

11. Which of the following statements best describes Christianity as it developed in Spanish America? a. It was for the most part Protestant Christianity. b. It was a distinct variety of Catholic Christianity that incorporated many elements of pre-Columbian religious belief. c. Millions of people converted to Christianity under pressure by Spanish authorities but continued to practice their ancestral religion in secret. d. Christianity spread only slowly in Spanish America.

b. It was a distinct variety of Catholic Christianity that incorporated many elements of pre-Columbian religious belief.

25. Which of the following is the best description of the Sikh religion? a. It was a sect of reformed Islam that developed in northern India. b. It was a new religion that blended elements of both Hinduism and Islam. c. It was a devotional movement that grew out of Hinduism. d. It was a religious sect that developed in India, combining elements of Zoroastrianism and Islam.

b. It was a new religion that blended elements of both Hinduism and Islam.

45. What role did science play in the educational systems of Islamic and Chinese societies? a. It was central. b. It was marginal. c. There was great curiosity, but there were no scientific texts in their languages. d. Those societies had never had any interest in science.

b. It was marginal.

1. Which statement best describes the world of Christianity in 1500 C.E.? a. It was rapidly expanding into Africa and Asia. b. It was on the defensive against an expanding Islamic world. c. It was for the first time converting the people of the countryside of Europe, rather than being limited to cities. d. It was united, as the Protestant Reformation had not yet occurred.

b. It was on the defensive against an expanding Islamic world.

4. Did the Protestant Reformation have a significant impact on the status of women? a. Protestantism gave women a substantially greater role in both Church and society. b. Protestantism worsened women's position in society by closing convents, which had given women an important alternative to marriage. c. Protestantism gave women more access to education, which they used to play a new role as preachers and lay ministers. d. Protestantism improved the position of women by ending the overwhelming authority of male priests over them.

b. Protestantism worsened women's position in society by closing convents, which had given women an important alternative to marriage.

20. This famous Chinese novel explores the social life of an eighteenth-century elite family. a.The Pillow Book b. The Dream of the Red Chamber c. The Secret Garden d. The Masque of the Red Death

b. The Dream of the Red Chamber

15. Which of the following best describes religions like Vodou, Santeria, Candomble, and Macumba? a. They worship the devil. b. They are syncretic religions, combining elements of Christianity and native African religions. c. They follow some of the outward forms of Christianity, but without Christian beliefs. d. They are completely Christian, but use West African cultural forms like drumming and dance to celebrate the Christian faith.

b. They are syncretic

30. This Enlightenment author proclaimed in his Treatise on Toleration that the earth is only one of many worlds, and it is ridiculous to believe that God cares only for the little people on this one planet. a. John Locke b. Voltaire c. Immanuel Kant d. Charles Darwin

b. Voltaire

22. To which sector of Indian society did the bhakti movement especially appeal? a. Brahmin priests b. Women c. Untouchables d. Muslims

b. Women

56. The Spanish and Portuguese saw their expansion of Christianity to their colonies as part of a tradition of ____________. a. colonialism b. crusading c. evangelizing d. exploration e. slavery

b. crusading

67. The Scottish professor Adam Smith formulated a set of laws that govern the operation of ___________. a. the oceans b. the economy c. the mind d. electricity e. the weather

b. the economy

12. Who was Matteo Ricci? a. A Franciscan missionary in Mexico b. A Jesuit missionary in California c. A Jesuit missionary in China d. An Italian scientist who discovered the pendulum

c. A Jesuit missionary in China

16. What was the Wahhabi movement of the early eighteenth century? a. A drive to convert the people of West Africa to Islam b. An anti-Christian movement in China after the pope offended the emperor c. An Islamic reform movement in Arabia d. A movement to create a new, synthetic religion that took the best from both Hinduism and Islam

c. An Islamic reform movement in Arabia

55. In response to the Protestant breakaway, the Catholic Church reaffirmed and reformed its doctrines and practices through the ____________. a. Inquisition b. Peace of Westphalia c. Counter-Reformation d. Edict of Nantes e. Treaty of Tordesillas

c. Counter-Reformation

63. Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, said, "There is no Hindu; there is no Muslim; only ________." a. man b. nature c. God d. India e. love

c. God

57. ____________ were deities who, many Andean peoples believed, would fight back against Christianity and Spanish rule. a. Cofradias b. Quetzalcoatl c. Huacas d. Vodou e. Quechua

c. Huacas

46. What was the radical implication of Sir Isaac Newton's law of mutual gravitation? a. It implied that God Himself had a gravitational weight. b. It implied that space flight was impossible. c. It implied that the heavens and the earth obeyed the same laws. d. It implied that all planets would eventually crash into their sun.

c. It implied that the heavens and the earth obeyed the same laws.

37. All of the following explain why Christianity did not catch on in China EXCEPT: a. Christianity offered little not already offered by Chinese religions. b. Conversion to Christianity was an all-or-nothing proposition and ruled out much Chinese culture. c. Jesuits were viewed as superstitious and uneducated by Chinese intellectuals. d. Western military gains in Asia made many Chinese suspicious of missionaries.

c. Jesuits were viewed as superstitious and uneducated by Chinese intellectuals.

23. This great holy person of the bhakti movement transgressed caste barriers and left a body of poetry exploring her yearning for union with the god Krishna. a. Nanak b. Aurangzeb c. Mirabai d. Vivikananda

c. Mirabai

18. The system of Chinese thought that added the insights of Daoism and Buddhism to a Confucian framework was known as a. Neo-Daoism. b. Taiping. c. Neo-Confucianism. d. Neo-Buddhism.

c. Neo-Confucianism

61. Confucianism enriched by insights from Buddhism and Daoism was called ____________. a. Neo-Buddhism b. Neo-Daoism c. Neo-Confucianism d. Protestantism e. Reform Confucianism

c. Neo-Confucianism

28. This great mathematician and astronomer first proposed the theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun in his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. a. Galileo Galilei b. Tycho Brahe c. Nicolaus Copernicus d. Johannes Kepler

c. Nicolaus Copernicus

59. ______________ means the blending of two or more religions, usually the blending of a dominant religion such as Christianity and native religions involving magic, spirits, sacrifices, and other rituals. a. Assimilation b. Diversification c. Syncretism d. Polytheism e. Monotheism

c. Syncretism

8. The forces of the Catholic Reformation clarified Catholic doctrine, corrected abuses, and took steps against dissidents at which of the following? a. The Peace of Westphalia b. The Diet of Worms c. The Council of Trent d. The Fourth Lateran Council

c. The Council of Trent

5. Which of the following was an important reason for the spread of Protestantism? a. New trade networks within Europe that aided significantly in the spread of information b. Massive religious rallies led by Martin Luther and other Protestant leaders c. The printing press d. Several Protestant rulers conquered neighboring lands, bringing missionaries of the new faith along with them.

c. The printing press

50. Which of the following best describes the response of Chinese, Japanese, and Ottoman scholars to the Scientific Revolution? a. They refused to believe any Europeans could make important discoveries. b. They recognized the greatness of European discoveries but could not understand how to teach them. c. They adopted some of the more practical aspects, such as mapmaking and the study of anatomy, but little beyond that. d. They embraced European science wholeheartedly.

c. They adopted some of the more practical aspects, such as mapmaking and the study of anatomy, but little beyond that.

32. Why did certain princes and kings embrace Luther's ideas? a. They believed all people to be equal. b. They objected to the luxurious lifestyle of the pope. c. They had long resented the pope's political power over them. d. They wanted to improve the living conditions of their peasants.

c. They had long resented the pope's political power over them.

35. In what way did most Native American peoples in the Andes and Mexico respond to the imposition of Christianity on their culture? a. They slaughtered the missionaries. b. They refused to pray or participate in services. c. They incorporated their older religious beliefs into Christian doctrine and practice. d. They embraced Christianity wholeheartedly.

c. They incorporated their older religious beliefs into Christian doctrine and practice.

48. What did many Enlightenment thinkers, such as Voltaire, think about established religion? a. They were devoutly religious. b. They believed they could replace Christianity with an even better religion. c. They saw most religions as superstitious and intolerant. d. Publicly they supported the Church, but privately they mocked it.

c. They saw most religions as superstitious and intolerant.

68. Voltaire, like many other Enlightenment thinkers, was a proponent of __________. a. animism b. paganism c. deism d. dualism e. transcendentalism

c. deism

70. Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, and Sigmund Freud, all inspired by the Enlightenment, cast doubt upon the core Enlightenment idea of human __________. a. strength b. happiness c. rationality d. perseverance e. freedom

c. rationality

52. The ideas of the Reformation spread quickly thanks to the invention of _____________. a. guns b. reading glasses c. the printing press d. the steam engine e. the kerosene lamp

c. the printing press

3. Which of the following statements best describes Martin Luther's teachings? a. Humans can be saved through meditation and participation in the sacraments of the Church. b. People can work toward salvation by performing good deeds toward their neighbors. c. People are predestined to go to either heaven or hell and there's nothing they can do to affect that. d. Humans can be saved by faith in God alone, and the source of all religious authority is the Bible.

d. Humans can be saved by faith in God alone, and the source of all religious authority is the Bible.

65. Copernicus's "discovery" of a sun-centered universe almost certainly drew from discoveries made 200 to 300 years earlier in present-day _________. a. France b. Russia c. China d. Iran e. India

d. Iran

13. Which of the following best describes the effort to convert China to Christianity in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries? a. It was highly successful, because the Chinese were deeply impressed by the European missionaries who came to them. b. It was highly successful because a seventeenth-century emperor converted to Christianity. c. It was not successful, because the government persecuted people who converted to Christianity. d. It was not very successful, because China was powerful and prosperous.

d. It was not very successful, because China was powerful and prosperous.

9. Which of the following regions converted on a massive scale to Christianity in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? a. British North America b. China c. Ottoman Empire d. Mexico

d. Mexico

41. How was Wang Yangming's Confucianism MOST similar to Martin Luther's Christianity? a. They emerged during the same time period. b. Both men sought to reform their respective religions. c. They both believed that an elite class should rule society. d. They both saw truth as innately accessible for every human being.

d. They both saw truth as innately accessible for every human being.

38. How did Europeans commonly react to African slaves' syncretic religions, such as Santeria and Vodou? a. They encouraged these religions. b. They turned a blind eye to these religions. c. They often participated in these religions. d. They considered these religions to be satanic witchcraft and tried to suppress them.

d. They considered these religions to be satanic witchcraft and tried to suppress them.

43. Why did Sikhism evolve from a peaceful religion into a militant community? a. Violence was more effective at gaining converts. b. Punjab, where Sikhism was founded, was torn apart by a civil war. c. The British military trained them to be militants. d. They had to defend themselves against both Mughal and Hindu hostility.

d. They had to defend themselves against both Mughal and Hindu hostility.

36. Which of the following best describes the behavior of the Jesuits in China? a. They attempted to wipe out all non-Christian religious temples, idols, and priests. b. They kept to themselves, observing Chinese culture at a distance. c. They began preaching the gospel to the poor and downtrodden. d. They learned about and adopted much Chinese culture and learning.

d. They learned about and adopted much Chinese culture and learning.

54. The ___________ War was the devastating culmination of Protestant-Catholic violence. a. Peasants' b. Hundred Years' c. Seven Years' d. Thirty Years' e. Jesuits'

d. Thirty Years'

7. The great European religious conflict of the early seventeenth century that eventually included much of Europe is known as the a. Westphalian War. b. Wars of Religion. c. Nine Years' War. d. Thirty Years' War.

d. Thirty Years' War.

60. Abd al-Wahhab called for the elimination of all ___________ from the faith of Islam. a. women b. laws c. use of the Quran d. idolatry e. tribal leaders

d. idolatry

39. How were individual merchants, wandering Muslim holy men, and scholars able to spread Islam further throughout Africa, Asia, and even the Americas during the early modern era? a. They were not threatening to local rulers and were often quite useful. b. They were advance scouts for Islamic armies preparing invasion. c. They were not able to spread Islam on their own. d. They offered to convert local people if those people gave up their old religious practices.

during the early modern era? a. They were not threatening to local rulers and were often quite useful.

53. The Reformation caused serious violence in France between the Catholic majority and the Protestant ______________ minority. a. Anabaptist b. Anglican c. Quaker d. Lutheran e. Huguenot

e. Huguenot

66. In the view of Johannes Kepler, the universe was not so much like a "divine animated being" but more like a ___________. a. growing tree b. human being c. dream d. flowing river e. clock

e. clock

69. The central theme of the Enlightenment was the idea of _________. a. love b. peace c. utopia d. tradition e. progress

e. progress

64. The most important institutions in creating Europe's Scientific Revolution were its __________. a. churches b. guilds c. royal courts d. armies e. universities

e. universities