Ch.3 (Migration)
Migration transition
A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
Push factor
A factor that induces people to leave old residences
Pull factor
A factor that induces people to move to a new location
Migration
A form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location
remittance
A transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country.
Mobility
All types of movement between location
From the 1920s-1960s, quotas (in the U.S) gave preference to people from which continent?
Europe
intervening obstacle
Intervening obstacle, which hinder migration, can be categorized into two types: Environmental Feature- i.e., mountain, ocean, or distance (most common prior to advancements in transportation) Political Feature- i.e., countries require proper documentation to leave one country and gain entry in another (most common now) **Before the advancements in transportation, environmental features were more hindering than political features. More recently, political features are now more hindering.**
Brain Drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people
Emigration
Migration *from* a location
Immigration
Migration *to* a new location
Why do people move to suburbs?
Motivated not by economic advancement but by a desired lifestyle --Additional privacy associated with single-family detached houses (a yard where kids can play safely) --Garages and driveways offer parking at no additional fee --Often superior suburban schools (more modern, safer, better equiped) EXTRA: **Cars and trains allow people in surburbs to still have access to jobs, shops, and recreational facilities throughout the urban area** ***Surbanization led to urban areas rapidly expand, causing farming areas on periphery area of urban areas to be converted to housing & commercial developements (sewers, roads)***
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
Net migration rate formula
Net-in-migration *----* Net-out-migration
Internal migration
Permanent movement within a particular country
Intraregional migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country (within a region, AL to Mississippi)
Net migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration
Years of Quotas
*1924*: For each country that had native-born persons already living in the United States, 2 percent of their number (based on 1910 census) could immigrate each year. This ensured that most immigrants would come from Europe. *1965*: Quotas for individual countries were replaced with hemisphere quotas (170,000 from Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere) *1978*: A global quota of 290,000 was set, including maximum of 20,000 per country *1990*: The global quota was raised to 700,000
Ravenstein Laws *Characteristics of Migrants*
*Characteristics of Migrants* -Most long-distance migrants are male. -Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children. -Most long-distance migrants are young adults seeking work rather than children or elderly people.
Length of US - Mexico border
1950 miles
Guest worker
A term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Nothern and Western Europee, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of a higher-paying job
Intervening obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
Quotas
In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
Chain migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
The center of US population 2010
Missouri
Unauthorized immigrants
People who enter a country without proper documents to do so
Refugees
People who forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
International migration
Permanent movement from one country to another
Interregional migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another (region to region, across regions)
Voluntary migration
Permanent movement undertaken by choice
Forced migration
Permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors
Flooplain
The area subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends
Pattern of migration by international refugees & IDPs. Which countries have the most?
**Refer to p.93 figure 3-25** *Refugees*: --The largest number of refugees in 2010 was forced to migrate from Afghanistan and Iraq because of the continuing wars there. --*Countries bordering Afghanistan and Iraq, including Pakistan, Iran, and Syria, received the most refugees* --The largest numbers of refugees originated in Southwest Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Countries with IDP (Internally displaced person): -Serbia -Georgia -Sudan -Kenya -Uganda -Somalia -Yemen *-Iran: 1 million & above of refugees* *-Pakistan: 1 million & above of refugees* -Sri Lanka -Philippines Powerpoint Note: US & Canada - 100,00 - 999,999 of refugees
Years for Figure 3-9 p.84 (Changing Center of US Population)
*1790*: Hugging the Coast *1800-1840*: Crossing the Appalachians *1850-1890*: Rushing to the Gold *1900-1940*: Filling in the Great Plains *1950-2010*: Moving South
U.S. center of population/"center of population gravity"
--US: over time, the center of population gravity has moved west and south (refer p.84 figure 3-9) --"center of population gravity": The population center is the average location of everyone in the country. Balance of pop. over time. ---Help Understand: If the US were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weight the same, the population center would the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the head pin
Destinations of immigrants within the U.S.
(Recent immigrants, Asian & Latin) More than 1/2 head for *California, Texas, New York, Florida* New Jersey?
Patterns/trends of migration to the U.S.? Who? When? Why?
US has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million as of 2010—growing by 1 million annually. ---Three main eras of immigration in the U.S. >Colonial settlement in seventeenth (1600's and eighteenth centuries (1700's) >First era was marked by immigration from *Europe* and *Sub-Saharan Africa*. Most from Africa were forced to migrate as slaves. <<Mass European immigration (from N & W) in the late 19th (late 1800's) and early twentieth (1900's) centuries (from S & E) <<Late 19th : Ireland- economic push factors Germany- economic push factors & politcal unrest Scandinavia (Swedes, Norwegians)- Industrial Revolution diffusion, rapid pop increase <<Early 20th: (Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary)-Industrial Revolution diffusion, rapid pop increase >Asian and Latin American integration in the late Twentieth and early twenty-first centuries > Leading Asian Sources : China, Phillipines, India, Vietnam >In early 1990's, Immigration Reform and Control Act (issued visas without legal documents) lead to large number of immigrants from Latin America and Mexico WHY? Entering Stage 2, rapid pop growth has limited prospects for economic advancement Immigrants go to US for economic opportunity (and social advancements)
Anchor baby
Unauthorized immigrants giving birth to children on US soil making the children US citizens
Number of Unauthorized immigrants (as of 2010)
estimated 11.2 million
Circulation
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on regular basis
Contributions of geographers E.G. Ravenstein and Wilbur Zelinsky
*E.G. Ravenstein*: (Ravenstein Laws) The distance that migrants typically move The reasons migrants move The characteristics of migrants -----Ravenstein's laws/theories for the distance that migrants typically move: --Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. --Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity. Why? JOBS *Wilbur Zelinsky*: Identified Migration Transition, which consists of changes in society comparable to those in the demographic transition. ----According to the migration transition, international migration is primarily a phenomenon of countries in stage 2 of the demographic transition, whereas internal migration is more important in stages 3 and 4.
3 types of push & pull factors
*Political*: PULL FACTORS: -Religious & political freedom -Stable government PUSH FACTORS: -Slavery- people shipped from sub-Saharan Africa to North America & Latin America (during 18th & 19th century) -Religious, ethnic, or political persecution -war -unstable government Political factors can be especially compelling push factors, forcing people to migrate from a country. ---United Nations High Commission for Refugees recognizes three groups of forced political migrants. >A refugee has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, and he or she cannot return for fear of persecution. >An internally displaced person (IDP) is similar to a refugee, but he or she has not migrated across an international border. >An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee. *Environmental*: migration from hazardous environments or pull migrants to attractive regions. PULL FACTORS: >Mountains EX. Colorado, Alps (in France) >Seasides EX. Coast of Florida, France, & Southern England for swimming and relaxing on the beach (esp, retirees) >Warm Climates EX. Elderly ppl to Florida, migrants to Southern Spain & southwest US to escape harsher climates PUSH FACTORS: >>Water: most common environmental threat >Flood (flood plain- land area subject to flooding during specific number of years)(near River) >Drought Ex. Hundreds of thousands have been forced to move from the Sahel region of northern Africa because of drought conditions. *Economic*: PUSH FACTOR: migrate away from places with few jobs PULL FACTOR: migrate to places where jobs seem to be available --U.S. and Canada have been prominent destinations for economic migrants. >Historically individuals migrated from Europe. >More recently Latin America and Asia are primary senders. **Relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change. Migration rates have decreased since the onset of the 2008 recession in the U.S.** **Note: Ravenstein's laws help geographers make generalizations about where and how far people move. Most people migrate for economic reasons. Political and environmental also induce migration but less often.**
Interregional migration in Russia, Canada, China, & Brazil
*Russia*: Interregional migration was encouraged eastward and northward (Siberia) by the government's decision to locate new factories and to offer economic incentives away from existing population concentrations. It FAILED, because of the region's harsh climate and remoteness from the population clusters (west of the country, near Europe) *Canada*: Shares a similar east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Three westernmost provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, & Saskatchewan) are destinations for interregional migrants. *China*: Nearly 100 million people have emigrated from rural interior to large urban areas along east coast where manufacturing is prevalent (for jobs esp. factories) *Brazil*: Government moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior. (Also migration to Brasilia for jobs)
International migration patterns
---Approximately 9 percent of the world's people are international migrants. ---Global pattern reflects migration tendencies from LDCs to MDCs. >>Net Out-Migration Asia, Latin America, and Africa >>Net In-Migration North America, Europe, and Oceania 3 Largest Flows: Asia to Europe Asia to North America Latin America to North America **Migrants from countries with relatively low incomes and high natural increase rate (LDC) head for relativel wealthy countries, where JOB prospects are brighter (MDC)** **Migrants of poorer countries in Asia to pertoleum-exporting countries of Sountwest Asia to perform many of the dirty and dangerous funstions in the oil fields* Notes of p.81 fugure 3-6: What are the largest flows of international migrations? 1. Asia to Europe 2. Asia to North America 3. Central America to North America 4. Europe to North America 5. South East Asia (Area around Indonesia) to Oceania (Australia, Papa New Guinea, New Zealand)
Why have migrant/guest workers? Benefits they bring to a country? Where were most of Europe's guest workers from?
--Immigrants take low-status and low-skill jobs that local won't accept. Ex. In Berlin, Brussels, Paris, and Zurich, immigrants provide essential services, such as driving buses, collecting garbage, repairing streets, and washing dishes --Migrant earn far more than they would at home (despite the low wage by European standards). --By letting their people work else where: >poorer countries reduce their own employment problems. >Immigrants send a % of their income, this foreign money stimulates the home country's economy --First guest worker program: Southern Europe Countries (Italy, Portugal, Spain) to Germany and other wealthier Northern European countries --Then: Turkey and North Africa replaced Southern European countries --Now: Immigrants in search of jobs in Europe, from Eastern Europe (Poland & Romania)
What is counterurbanization? Why do people engage in this type of move?
-Net Migration from urban to rural areas --Counterurbanization most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities ---Rocky Mountain States (Colorado, Iowa, Utah, and Wyoming). >>Swapping the frantic urban life for living on a farm, where they can own horses and grow vegetables >>Others move to farms, but do not work in agriculture; they work in nearby factories, small town shops, other services.
2 countries that have "sent" the most immigrants to the U.S
1. Mexico 2. Germany (7.2 million?) Mexico passed Germany in third wave of immigration (late 20th, early 21st)
What is brain drain and chain migration?
Brain drain- a term for the disproportionate amount of highly skilled and intelligent citizens migrating away from sending countries. *the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country.* Chain Migration:the migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Most common type of intraregional migration in the *U.S*?
Cities to suburbs
What is the purpose of a quota? How does it work?
Purpose of Quota: To end the entry of unrestricted immigration to the US by setting a maximum limit on the number of people who could immigrate to the US during a one-year period More seek admission to the U.S. than are permitted by the quotas, thus preferences are shown toward: --Family Reunification: About ¾ of immigrants are admitted to reunify families; primarily spouses or unmarried children of people already living in the US. The typical wait for a spouse to gain entry is currently about 5 years. --Skilled workers: Approximately ¼ of immigrants; Exceptionally talented professionals receivfe most of the remainder of the quota. --Diversity: A few immigrants are admitted by lottery under diversity category for people from countries that histoically sent few people to the US. **Quota does not apply to refugees. Also admitted without limit are spouses, children, and parents of US citizens.**
Most common type of intraregional migration in the *world*?
Rural areas to urban areas Extra: (They are pushed from rural areas by declining opportunities in agriculture and are pulled to the cities by the prospect to work in factories or in service industries, FOR JOBS) {Motivated by economic advancement, Industrial Revolution}
locations and significance of migration to/from Rust Belt & Sun Belt
Rust Belt: The manufacturing region in the United States (upper Northeastern, the Great Lakes, and the Midwest States) that is currently debilitated (weakened) because many manufacturing firms have relocated to countries offering cheaper labor and relaxed environmental regulations. Sun Belt: With declines in manufacturing employment, espescially in the northeastern United States, many people left the colder, more populated regions of northeastern upper Midwest for new service employment opportunities and better climates in the South and Southwestern United States (Frostbelt to Sunbelt)
Internally displaced person
Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border
Asylum Seeker
Someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee
transhumance
The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer.
