ch.3

Dual or ____________ federalism is defined as a strict separation of powers between the national and state governments in which each layer has its own responsibilities and reigns supreme within its constitutional realm.

"layer cake"

________ grants for specific purposes, such as Medicaid health care for the poor, are tightly monitored to ensure that the money is spent exactly as directed. A. Project B. Pro bono C. Categorical D. Block E. Reserve

C. Categorical

Under ________ federalism, the national government has tight control of states through orders or mandates, often without accompanying financial resources.

Coercive

Before interstate compacts can take effect, _________ must approve them.

Congress

The power to create post offices is reserved for the ___________.

Congress

In the United States, the ___________ defines obligations and powers of both the national and state governments.

Constitution

______________ federalism is defined as a flexible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs.

Cooperative

Which of the following statements is true about the advantages of federalism? A. The division of power makes it easy for voters to hold elected officials accountable. B. Dividing power between the center and the states makes it far easier for the government to respond quickly to national problems. C. By emphasizing uniformity, federalism helps boost cohesiveness in the society. D. Variation in policies reduces redundancies, inefficiencies, and inequalities. E. Federalism provides training and creates opportunities for future national leaders.

E. Federalism provides training and creates opportunities for future national leaders.

Formula grants refer to the ________. A. grants offered by national government to support states for specific activities, such as scientific research and homeland security B. grants made for more generalized governmental functions such as public assistance and health services C. grants for specific purposes that are tightly monitored to ensure that the money is spent exactly as directed D. grants that are generally not restricted to a fixed amount of time and can be spent freely E. grants that are distributed to the states based on procedures set out in the granting legislation

E. grants that are distributed to the states based on procedures set out in the granting legislation

___________ is a legal process whereby an alleged criminal is surrendered by officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime allegedly occurred.

Extradition

__________ powers are shared by the federal and state governments. a. Concurrent b. delegated c. Federal d. reserved e. unified -- Consider This: Powers that are exercised by both the national and state governments.

a. Concurrent

State officials generally prefer categorical grants over block grants. t/f

false

The Supremacy Clause establishes that state laws will prevail over conflicting federal laws. t/f

false

Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes stated that "The power to wage war is the power to wage war ____________."

successfully

There are now nearly ____________ governments in the United States, including one national government, 50 state governments, and thousands of county, city, and town governments.

90,000

Which of the following statements about American federalism is true? A. Constitutionally, the federal system of the United States consists of only the national government and the 50 states. B. Dual federalism is also known as "marble-cake" federalism. C. New federalism is defined as a strong national government that only allows the states to act when it decides to do so. D. Permissive federalism is sometimes characterized as part of the devolution revolution. E. Federalism is a constitutional arrangement that concentrates power in a central government.

A. Constitutionally, the federal system of the United States consists of only the national government and the 50 states.

Which of the following is true with regard to the supremacy clause? A. It refers to the clause in the Constitution that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations B. Contained in Article VI of the Constitution, the clause gives national laws the absolute power even when states have enacted a competing law. C. Contained in Article I of the Constitution, the clause sets forth the implied powers of Congress. D. It refers to the clause that states that Congress has the right to make all laws essential to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government. E. Contained in Article IV of the Constitution, the clause requires each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid.

B. Contained in Article VI of the Constitution, the clause gives national laws the absolute power even when states have enacted a competing law.

Which of the following statements best describes project grants? A. grants that are distributed to the states based on procedures set out in the granting legislation B. grants offered by national government to support states for specific activities, such as scientific research and homeland security C. grants for specific purposes, such as D. grants made for more generalized governmental functions such as public assistance, health services, child care, or community development E. grants that are generally not restricted to a fixed amount of time and can be spent within flexible guidelines

B. grants offered by national government to support states for specific activities, such as scientific research and homeland security

Federalism allows unity without uniformity because A. when one political party loses control of the national government, it is still likely to hold office in a number of states and can continue to challenge the party in power at the national level. B. national politicians and parties do not have to iron out every difference on every issue that divides us; these issues are debated in state legislatures, county courthouses, and city halls. C. if states adopt programs that fail, the negative effects are limited; if programs succeed, they can be adopted by other states and by the national government. D. while encouraging experiments in public policy, federalism also provides a training ground for state and local politicians to gain experience before moving to the national stage. E. by providing numerous arenas for decision making, federalism engages many people in the process of government and helps keep government closer to the people

B. national politicians and parties do not have to iron out every difference on every issue that divides us; these issues are debated in state legislatures, county courthouses, and city halls.

A 1984 act reduced federal highway aid by up to 15 percent for any state that failed to adopt a minimum drinking age of 21 is a good example of A. direct orders. B. cross-cutting requirements. C. crossover sanctions. D. total and partial preemption. E. an unfunded mandate.

C. crossover sanctions.

In foreign affairs, the national government has ________ powers. The national government has the same authority to deal with other nations as if it were the central government in a unitary system. A. implied B. delegated C. inherent D. reserve E. concurrent

C. inherent

Which of the following statements about block grants is true? A. Block grants are for specific purposes that are tightly monitored to ensure that the money is spent exactly as directed. B. Block grants are offered by national government to support states for specific activities, such as scientific research and homeland security. C. By definition, the blocks of funding are provided with numerous requirements attached. D. States have no flexibility in deciding how to spend block grant dollars. E. Block grants are limited to specific amounts set by the national government.

E. Block grants are limited to specific amounts set by the national government

Which of the following statements about national grants is true? A. To supply state and local governments with revenue is the most important purpose of national grants. B. The purpose of national grants is to maximize the growth of national agencies. C. National grants establish maximum national standards for such things as highways and clean air. D. The four types of national grants are always combined within a single program area. E. The national government often mixes and matches the grant types to accomplish its goals.

E. The national government often mixes and matches the grant types to accomplish its goals.

___________ powers are the functions and actions that Congress could perform in order to exercise its enumerated powers.

Implied

The case of _________________ laid the groundwork for a central bank and a unified economy in the United States.

McCulloch v. Maryland

_______________ occurs when a national law or regulation takes precedence over a conflicting state or local law or regulation.

Preemption

The _____________________ clause guarantees that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of other states.

Privileges and Immunities

Prior to the ratification of the Constitution, the 13 states were governed by the Articles of __________. a. Confederation b. Federalism -- Consider This: A system of federalism was established as a result of c. Independence d. Unity

a. Confederation

Which is an example of a federal mandate? a. Congress passes a law requiring all states to adopt a sex offender registry system categorizing offenders based on conviction, not future threat. b. The Environmental Protection Agency sends money to Louisiana to help with cleanup from the Gulf oil spill. c. The Nevada legislature passes a law requiring all public school teachers to spend 20 hours per week preparing students for the state achievement test. d. The Supreme Court upholds a federal law requiring all citizens to wear a seatbelt while operating a motor vehicle. -- Consider This: The Supreme Court does not have the power to issue federal mandates.

a. Congress passes a law requiring all states to adopt a sex offender registry system categorizing offenders based on conviction, not future threat.

In the 1980s, states raised the minimum drinking age to 21. What role did the federal government play in bringing this about? a. Congress required states to raise the drinking age as a condition for receiving federal highway funding. b. The president issued an executive order requiring states to raise the drinking age. c. The Supreme Court issued a decision invalidating state laws that allowed drinking by people under 21. d. Congress made raising the drinking age an eligibility requirement for a competitive grant program. -- Consider This: The federal government withheld grant funding for highway construction if states do not comply with the drinking age limit.

a. Congress required states to raise the drinking age as a condition for receiving federal highway funding.

Which of the following demonstrates the impact of the privileges and immunities clause on state governments? a. States may not impose unreasonable residency requirements. b. States must enforce judicial settlements from other states. c. States must comply with federal law when federal and state laws conflict. d. States must return individuals charged with crimes to the states in which the alleged crimes occurred.

a. States may not impose unreasonable residency requirements.

Which statement best describes the decision in Gibbons v. Ogden of 1824? a. The federal government has the ultimate power to regulate interstate commerce. b. States can regulate any product that crosses state lines. -- Consider This: This decision recognized that the commerce clause empowers the national government to regulate commerce. c. Congress can regulate activity that affects commerce within a state. d. States can regulate any activity that affects commerce within a state.

a. The federal government has the ultimate power to regulate interstate commerce.

A __________ grant is a large grant to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines. a. block b. business d. federal c. categorical -- Consider This: This is a type of federal grant given to states for specific purposes.

a. block

The power to protect civil rights is best described as a(n) __________ power. a. concurrent b. enumerated -- Consider This: Enumerated powers belong to the national government only. c. implied d. reserved

a. concurrent

Which of the following is a power reserved to the states? a. conduct elections b. create post offices -- Consider This: This is a power delegated to the national government. c. coin money d. regulate interstate commerce

a. conduct elections

What are the two types of powers given to the national government under the United States Constitution? a. delegated; implied b. express; suggested c. implied; explicit d. suggested; explicit -- Consider This: In addition to the implied powers, there are certain national powers listed in the Constitution e. reserved; protected

a. delegated; implied

A grant to a university medical school to support cancer research is an example of a(n) __________ grant. a. project b. flexible c. academic d. categorical -- Consider This: This is a type of a federal grant given to states for broad purposes.

a. project

Most __________ grants are awarded through a competitive application process. a. project c. business d. block b. formula -- Consider This: Based on a defined target population, formula grants are distributed to states based on procedures set out in the granting legislation.

a. project

Most __________ grants are awarded through a competitive application process. b. formula -- Consider This: Based on a defined target population, formula grants are distributed to states based on procedures set out in the granting legislation. c. business d. block a. project

a. project

Decentralists justify their position on the basis of __________. a. the Tenth Amendment b. The Federalist c. Article I of the Constitution d. the Supreme Court's decision in Gibbons v. Ogden -- Consider This: This Supreme Court case strengthened the role of the national government in relation to the commerce clause in the Constitution.

a. the Tenth Amendment

In a(n) __________ system, local and regional governments derive authority from the national government. a. unitary b. bicameral c. constitutional d. federal -- Consider This: In a federal system, the national and state governments share powers. e. confederal

a. unitary

In the United States, the relationship between a state and its local governments is best characterized as a(n) __________ system. a. unitary b. federal c. restrictive -- Consider This: Local governments derive authority from the state governments. d. cooperative

a. unitary

The federal government's power to use any airports it needs at any time is a direct result of the __________. a. war power b. supremacy clause -- Consider This: The supremacy clause of the Constitution gives national laws the absolute power even if states have enacted a competing law. c. commerce clause d. reserve power

a. war power

What position would a centralist be most likely to take on the restrictive immigration laws in Arizona and Alabama? a. A centralist would support these laws, based on the principle that each state should be able to create its own immigration policy. -- Consider This: A centralist favors national action over action at the state level. b. A centralist would oppose these laws, based on a preference for a consistent national policy over varying state policies. c. A centralist would support Arizona's law, but oppose Alabama's. d. A centralist would oppose both policies on the grounds that government should not be involved in immigration issues.

b. A centralist would oppose these laws, based on a preference for a consistent national policy over varying state policies.

Before the __________, citizens saw the national government as a distant, even foreign, entity. a. Revolutionary War b. Civil War d. Second World War c. First World War -- Consider This: By World War 1, the role of the national government was well established and recognized.

b. Civil War

__________ grants typically allocate federal dollars based upon population. a. Block -- Consider This: This is a type of federal grant given to states for a specific purpose. b. Formula c. Commerce d. Unified

b. Formula

Which of the following is a limitation on states' taxing authority? a. It cannot unduly burden commerce within a state. -- Consider This: The national government has the power to regulate commerce across state borders. b. It cannot unduly burden commerce among the states. c. It cannot exceed a federal tax on the same goods or services. d. It must be used to fund public services. e. all of the above

b. It cannot unduly burden commerce among the states.

Under restrictive federalism, which of the following is true? a. The federal government is prohibited from creating unfunded mandates. b. States are granted authority to act only when the federal government allows it. c. States have tight control over local governments. d. Authority is shifted from the federal government to the states. -- Consider This: This is suggested by New Federalism where the national government devolves responsibilities to the states.

b. States are granted authority to act only when the federal government allows it.

Which of the following is a delegated power of the federal government? a. policing citizens b. coining money c. creating banks d. levying taxes -- Consider This: This is a power shared by the national and state governments.

b. coining money

A federal program in which states compete with each other to secure grants for education funding is an example of __________. a. restrictive federalism -- Consider This: National government forces states to follow its lead through grants. b. competitive federalism c. new federalism d. layer-cake federalism

b. competitive federalism

The Supreme Court found most of Arizona's immigration law to be a violation of whose broad control over immigration? a. state government -- Consider This: The national government has the power to create immigration systems. b. federal government c. local government d. the United Nations

b. federal government

A proponent of devolution would most likely favor expanding the authority of __________. a. the military b. state governments c. the president d. Congress -- Consider This: Those who support devolution want to limit the power of the national government in favor of the states.

b. state governments

Based on Supreme Court rulings in 1990 and 1997, the responsibility to pass laws either allowing or prohibiting doctor aid in ending life resides with __________. a. the national government b. states c. local governments d. the people

b. states

The closest contemporary example of a confederation is __________. a. the Arab League b. the European Union c. Great Britain d. China

b. the European Union

The national and state governments may have their own lists of powers, but the national government relies on four constitutional pillars for its ultimate authority over the states. Of the following, which is one of those four pillars? a. the excise power b. the commerce clause c. the full faith and credit clause -- Consider This: This clause in the Constitution requires each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid. e. the equal protection clause e. all of the above

b. the commerce clause

The __________ Amendment says that says that those powers not given to the federal government are reserved for the states. a. First -- Consider This: First Amendment guarantees some fundamental civil liberties, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, etc. b. Eighth c. Tenth d. Fourteenth e. Eighteenth

c. Tenth

The National School Lunch Program, whereby school districts receive federal funding for more meals served to qualified students, is both a __________ and a ___________ grant. a. project, formula b. block, project -- Consider This: Block grants are federal grants given to states for broad purposes. c. categorical, formula d. categorical, block

c. categorical, formula

Which type of federalism is being practiced when a state is forced to operate a program without funding from the U. S. government? a. new-- Consider This: New federalism sought to return powers to the states. b. cooperative c. coercive d. competitive

c. coercive

Which of the following is a delegated power of the national government? a. criminal law -- Consider This: This is a power reserved for state governments. b. contract law c. control over money supply d. social welfare activities

c. control over money supply

Which type of federalism is characterized by a system of separate but equally powerful state and national governments? a. combined b. cooperative -- Consider This: This type of federalism suggests a much more flexible relationship between the national and state governments. c. dual d. progressive

c. dual

Article IV, Section 1, the "full faith and credit" clause, applies primarily to __________. a. allowing recognition of foreign laws in the United States b. laws between states c. enforcing judicial settlements and court awards d. sorting out jurisdiction in criminal proceedings between two different stat

c. enforcing judicial settlements and court awards

In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court defined ____________ as intercourse among the states.

commerce

Which of the following countries has a unitary government? a. Australia b. Canada -- Consider This: Canada has a federal system. c. United States d. Great Britain e. Germany

d. Great Britain

What impact did the Great Depression have on federalism in the United States? a. It marked the end of the era of cooperative federalism. b. It marked the beginning of the era of dual federalism. -- Consider This: The Great Depression and the New Deal Programs ended the era of dual federalism. c. It stimulated programs that expanded the power of state governments. d. It stimulated national programs that expanded the powers of the federal government.

d. It stimulated national programs that expanded the powers of the federal government.

What was the first major Supreme Court decision to define the relationship between the federal and state governments? a. Barron v. Baltimore b. Dred Scott v. Sanford c. Gibbons v. Ogden -- Consider This: This Supreme Court case recognized congressional power under the commerce clause of the Constitution. d. McCulloch v. Maryland e. Marbury v. Madison

d. McCulloch v. Maryland

The __________ Mandates Reform Act of 1995 prevents Congress from passing costly federal programs without a debate about how to fund them. a. Cost b. Commercial d. Unfunded c. Saving -- Consider This: This reform was meant to limit the national government's ability to pass on costs of policy implementation to the states.

d. Unfunded

Which type of federalism focuses on the national government's strong voice in shaping state action? a. dual b. competitive -- Consider This: This type of federalism encourages state and local governments to compete against each other for residents, businesses, and national funding. c. new d. coercive

d. coercive

When your local police and the DEA work together to shut down illicit drug operations, they are operating under what is called __________. a. dual federalism -- Consider This: Dual federalism suggests a clear separation between the national and state government in terms of responsibilities. b. combined federalism c. competitive federalism d. cooperative federalism

d. cooperative federalism

Which of the following is a concurrent power? a. control over the money supply b. social welfare activities c. criminal law -- Consider This: This is a power reserved to the states. d. power to tax e. conduct foreign affairs

d. power to tax

What are reserve powers? a. powers specifically delegated to the national government by the Constitution -- Consider This: Based on the Constitution, the Tenth Amendment acknowledges that states have powers as well. b. powers specifically delegated to state governments by the Constitution c. powers not specifically delegated to the national government by the Constitution d. powers not specifically delegated to state governments by the Constitution

d. powers not specifically delegated to state governments by the Constitution

Which of the following is a power specifically denied the states by the Constitution? a. conducting elections b. maintaining a militia c. providing for public health, safety, and morals -- Consider This: These are powers reserved for the state governments. d. regulating interstate commerce

d. regulating interstate commerce

The preemption of state and local laws is based on which clause of the U.S. Constitution? a. commerce -- Consider This: The commerce clause in the Constitution empowers the national government to regulate commerce among the states. b. due process c. equal protection d. supremacy

d. supremacy

Article VI of the U.S. Constitution establishes that federal law is __________ in conflicts between federal and state law. a. irrelevant b. persuasive authority d. supreme c. secondary -- Consider This: The Constitution stipulates that federal law is the supreme law of the land.

d. supreme

The power to __________ and __________ includes the right to place conditions on the receipt of federal money. a. charge; transact b. create; produce d. tax; spend c. regulate; limit -- Consider This: The national government has the power to tax and spend.

d. tax; spend

An advantage of federalism is that it checks the growth of which of the following? a. violence c. wealth d. tyranny b. inequality -- Consider This: Due to different policy standards across states, federalism can create inequalities.

d. tyranny

The No Child Left Behind Act is an example of a(n) __________. a. block grant -- Consider This: This is a federal grant given to states for broad purposes. b. business grant c. programmatic request d. unfunded mandate

d. unfunded mandate

Printz v. United States dealt with what question? a. whether states can impose taxes on the federal government -- Consider This: The Supreme Court decision McCulloch v. Maryland determined that states cannot tax a federal bank. b. whether states can prohibit medical assistance in ending life c. whether states can require schools to ask citizens for proof of citizenship d. whether states are required to conduct background checks for handgun sales

d. whether states are required to conduct background checks for handgun sales

One benefit of the federal system is the ability of the states to operate as __________ for new ideas. a. classrooms -- Consider This: Justice Louis Brandeis argued that states offer excellent opportunities to experiment with innovative programs. b. courts c. cradles d. lavatories e. laboratories

e. laboratories

Any power not specifically delegated to the states by the Constitution is reserved to the national government. t/f

true

Federalism encourages the states to create local solutions to issues that are often debated at the national level. t/f

true

McCulloch v. Maryland provided crucial legal justification for the expansion of federal power. t/f

true

Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, gives Congress the power to enact legislation to remedy constitutional violations and the denial of due process or equal protection of the laws. t/f

true

States may not levy taxes on the same items that are taxed by the national government. t/f

true

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is based on preemption.

true

The power to oversee primary and elementary education is reserved for state governments. t/f

true

The ______________ specifies that any power not specifically delegated to the national government is reserved to the states or the people.

10th amendment