CH.3 - SMARTBook
an ethnographer might discover that the culturally appropriate question would be "how much do you take home in your hand?"
"what is your net pay?" how might an ethnographer help these survey researchers gather better information about this economic information?
carbon-14 dating
a technique called __________ __________ measures radioactive decay and is commonly used to date fossilized plant or animal remains
informed consent
anyone who provides information or who might be affected by research must agree to take part in the research via
population estimates and degrees of social complexity
archaeologists study settlement patterns primarily to reveal what kinds of information about prehistoric communities
population estimates and degrees of social complexity
archaeologists study settlement patterns primarily to reveal what kinds of information about prehistoric communities?
historical
archaeologists who study the past by using written records as guides and supplements to research are referred to as ____ archaeologists
human development; nutritional status; human growth
biological anthropologists use anthropometry to learn about which of the following aspects of humans
an excavation
digging through the layers of deposits at an ancient site is known as
local people's answers to questions; government records or archives; direct measurement of such things as rainfall, temperature, or crop yield
ethnographers consider which of the following as data resources?
longitudinal research
ethnographers typically maintain their connection to the community they study and return to it several times to see how community life has changed. What is the term used to describe this type of ethnographic research?
longitudinal research
ethnographers typically maintain their connection to the community they study and return to it several times to see how community life has changed. what is the term used to describe this type of ethnographic research?
paleopathology
human skeletal remains from archaeological sites can be analyzed to identify specific types of disease and injury. This specialty within biological anthropology is known as
artifacts
in order to reconstruct ancient human biological dn cultural features, anthropologists study ceramics, casts, metals, and other manufactured items known as
primatology
in order to understand how human behavior differs from the behavior of the animals most similar to humans, some biological anthropologists in the subfield of ____ study animals such as gorillas, monkeys, and lemurs in their natural rain forest habitats.
systematic survey involves gathering information about settlement patterns across a region; excavation involves digging in selected sample sites.
in the methods of archaeology, what is the difference between systematic survey and excavation
key informant
instead of doing a random sample of all the residents in a community to choose individuals to formally interview, anthropologists select a few individuals who are extremely knowledgeable to interview. what is the term used to describe these few select individuals?
phytoliths
microscopic crystals called ____ found at archaeological sites help identify wheat, maize, rice, or other early domesticated plants
participant observation
one technique commonly used by ethnographers is ____ ____ ehich means that they take part in community life as they study it
participant observation
one technique commonly used by ethnographers is _________ _________
search for evidence about human origins
paleoanthropologists
"first do no harm"
the american anthropological association (aaa) has established a code of ethics that requires that anthropologists be guided by a principle that has been compared to a doctor's Hippocratic oath, which essentially says,
informed consent
the ethics of archaeologists and physical anthropologists require that they negotiate with local officials and colleagues to establish who owns bones, artifacts, and other materials recovered at excavation sites. These agreements between anthropologists and colleagues in the host countries are established through the procedure known as
to do no harm to the people in the host community
the primary ethical obligation of the anthropologist is
bioarchaeology
the specialty in archaeology known as ____ is the study of human skeletons and associated artifacts, which are used to understand health, diet, and social status differences
paleontology
the study of ancient life through the fossil record is known as
taphonomy
the study of processes that affect the remains of dead animals is known as
survey research; anthropological research
the study of society through sampling and statistical analysis is _____, and the study of culture and people is ____.
survey research; anthropological research
the study of society through sampling and statistical analysis is ________, and the study of culture and people is __________
forensic anthropology
the type of anthropology in which biological anthropologists work in a legal context and assist medical examiners and law enforcement agencies to recover, analyze, and identify humans remains is knwon as
relative
the type of dating that establishes a sequence for the artifacts and fossils found at a site, but that does not establish a specific age for these items, is called ____ dating
false
true or false: fossils include the preserved remains of any object (building, container, tool, pottery, weapon, work of art) made, used, or modified in some way by human beings, which help us to understand how people lived in the past.
false
true or false: it is not necessary for an ethnographer to speak the local language
absolute dating
volcanic ash specimens are often used to extract potassium argon samples to determine the age of layers in which early hominid fossils have been found in africa's great rift valley. this kind of dating technique, which establishes dates in numbers, is known as
bones or other remains of ancient life forms
what are fossils
relative dating and absolute dating
what are the two major categories of dating techniques used to establish the dates of layers of fossils and artifacts?
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
what is NAGPRA
the study of layers of deposits at a site in which older materials are found deeper and younger ones are in the top layers
what is stratigraphy
to ensure that their research causes no harm to the people, animals, or artifacts involved
what is the anthropologists' primary ethical concern?
experimental archaeologists
what is the term used for the type of archaeologists who make replicas of ancient tools
absolute dating
what is the term used to describe any method of dating fossils which establishes a precise age range
classical
what is the term used to describe the type of archaeologists who study Old World civilizations such as greece, rome, and egypt
paleoanthropology
what is the term used to refer to the type of anthropology that focuses on the study of ancient human ancestors
remote sensing
what technique is used by archaeologists to identify ancient roads and canals invisible to the human eye but visible with aerial photos and satellite images using a spectrum invisible to the naked eye
biological
what type of anthropologists study primate behavior and also the physical characteristics of ancient and modern humans
historical archaeology
when archaeologists excavate early colonial settlements in jamestown, Virginia, this type of archaeology is known as
cultural resource management
when construction sites reveal artifacts, impact studies may be required to asses the historical importance of the site. In this case, "salvage archaeologists," also called ____ archaeologists, analyze what is found at the site
key informants
when cultural anthropologists do fieldwork in a community, they may rely on just a few chosen people who can provide special knowledge and details about community life. What is the term used for the people chosen
underwater archaeology
when is the term used to describe the type of archaeology that investigates shipwrecks and sites submerged under the sea
the distortion of remains by natural various forces; the scattering of remains by carnivores and scavengers; the possible fossilization of remains
which of the following are studied as part of taphonomy
archaeologists study the past by analyzing objects from dig sites; biological anthropologists study ancient human skeletons or living humans
which of the following best describes how the subfield of archaeology differs from that of biological anthropology
in an undisturbed set of strata, the oldest layer is deepest
which of the following best describes the principle of superposition
anthropologists get to know people via local life
which of the following best sums up the hallmark of ethnography?
it helps to determine an ancient site's environment at the time it was inhabited
which of the following does palynology
an anthropologist goes to live in Amazon River village, gets to know the local people, and writes a report describing the community
which of the following is an example of the ethnographic technique called participant observation?
they excavate to reveal the layers in a site and systematically survey the region
which of the following statements best describes how archaeologists survey sites
it only works on organic materials, such as plant and animal remains, and the specimens cannot be older than 40,000 years old
which of the following statements best describes the limitations of carbon-14 dating
it cannot be used to directly analyze bone or plant remains, but instead is limited to use on ash layers that are older than 500,000 years old
which of the following statements best describes the limitations of potassium-argon dating?
they reconstruct patterns and waves of human migration; they compare the genetic relationship between apes and humans; they examine evolutionary relationships among ancient and contemporary populations
which of the following statements correctly describe what molecular anthropologists do
establishing ongoing collaborative relationships with colleagues in the host country; including colleagues of the host country in planning research and requesting funding
which of the following suitably reflect ethical considerations that should be followed by anthropologists working abroad
establishing ongoing collaborative relationships with colleagues in the host country; including colleagues of the host country in planning research and requesting funding
which of the following suitably reflect ethical considerations that should be followed by anthropologists working abroad?
anthropologists personally experience life in a study community in order to understand it
which statement best describes the major emphasis in the ethnographic method?
to learn about the personal experiences of a few community members over a long period of time, in order to understand responses to change
which statement best describes why ethnographers collect life histories?
survey research relied on questionnaires to gather data, but anthropological research relies on long-term firsthand observations of day-to-day life
which statement best represents the relationship between anthropological research and survey research?
archaeology
which subfield of anthropology specializes in the study of the human past by analyzing artifacts
molecular anthropology
which type of anthropology compares and analyzes DNA from various primates such as chimpanzees and apes, extinct human groups such as Neandertals, and various modern human groups to determine evolutionary relationships>
