CH.3 - SMARTBook

an ethnographer might discover that the culturally appropriate question would be "how much do you take home in your hand?"

"what is your net pay?" how might an ethnographer help these survey researchers gather better information about this economic information?

carbon-14 dating

a technique called __________ __________ measures radioactive decay and is commonly used to date fossilized plant or animal remains

informed consent

anyone who provides information or who might be affected by research must agree to take part in the research via

population estimates and degrees of social complexity

archaeologists study settlement patterns primarily to reveal what kinds of information about prehistoric communities

population estimates and degrees of social complexity

archaeologists study settlement patterns primarily to reveal what kinds of information about prehistoric communities?

historical

archaeologists who study the past by using written records as guides and supplements to research are referred to as ____ archaeologists

human development; nutritional status; human growth

biological anthropologists use anthropometry to learn about which of the following aspects of humans

an excavation

digging through the layers of deposits at an ancient site is known as

local people's answers to questions; government records or archives; direct measurement of such things as rainfall, temperature, or crop yield

ethnographers consider which of the following as data resources?

longitudinal research

ethnographers typically maintain their connection to the community they study and return to it several times to see how community life has changed. What is the term used to describe this type of ethnographic research?

longitudinal research

ethnographers typically maintain their connection to the community they study and return to it several times to see how community life has changed. what is the term used to describe this type of ethnographic research?

paleopathology

human skeletal remains from archaeological sites can be analyzed to identify specific types of disease and injury. This specialty within biological anthropology is known as

artifacts

in order to reconstruct ancient human biological dn cultural features, anthropologists study ceramics, casts, metals, and other manufactured items known as

primatology

in order to understand how human behavior differs from the behavior of the animals most similar to humans, some biological anthropologists in the subfield of ____ study animals such as gorillas, monkeys, and lemurs in their natural rain forest habitats.

systematic survey involves gathering information about settlement patterns across a region; excavation involves digging in selected sample sites.

in the methods of archaeology, what is the difference between systematic survey and excavation

key informant

instead of doing a random sample of all the residents in a community to choose individuals to formally interview, anthropologists select a few individuals who are extremely knowledgeable to interview. what is the term used to describe these few select individuals?

phytoliths

microscopic crystals called ____ found at archaeological sites help identify wheat, maize, rice, or other early domesticated plants

participant observation

one technique commonly used by ethnographers is ____ ____ ehich means that they take part in community life as they study it

participant observation

one technique commonly used by ethnographers is _________ _________

search for evidence about human origins

paleoanthropologists

"first do no harm"

the american anthropological association (aaa) has established a code of ethics that requires that anthropologists be guided by a principle that has been compared to a doctor's Hippocratic oath, which essentially says,

informed consent

the ethics of archaeologists and physical anthropologists require that they negotiate with local officials and colleagues to establish who owns bones, artifacts, and other materials recovered at excavation sites. These agreements between anthropologists and colleagues in the host countries are established through the procedure known as

to do no harm to the people in the host community

the primary ethical obligation of the anthropologist is

bioarchaeology

the specialty in archaeology known as ____ is the study of human skeletons and associated artifacts, which are used to understand health, diet, and social status differences

paleontology

the study of ancient life through the fossil record is known as

taphonomy

the study of processes that affect the remains of dead animals is known as

survey research; anthropological research

the study of society through sampling and statistical analysis is _____, and the study of culture and people is ____.

survey research; anthropological research

the study of society through sampling and statistical analysis is ________, and the study of culture and people is __________

forensic anthropology

the type of anthropology in which biological anthropologists work in a legal context and assist medical examiners and law enforcement agencies to recover, analyze, and identify humans remains is knwon as

relative

the type of dating that establishes a sequence for the artifacts and fossils found at a site, but that does not establish a specific age for these items, is called ____ dating

false

true or false: fossils include the preserved remains of any object (building, container, tool, pottery, weapon, work of art) made, used, or modified in some way by human beings, which help us to understand how people lived in the past.

false

true or false: it is not necessary for an ethnographer to speak the local language

absolute dating

volcanic ash specimens are often used to extract potassium argon samples to determine the age of layers in which early hominid fossils have been found in africa's great rift valley. this kind of dating technique, which establishes dates in numbers, is known as

bones or other remains of ancient life forms

what are fossils

relative dating and absolute dating

what are the two major categories of dating techniques used to establish the dates of layers of fossils and artifacts?

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

what is NAGPRA

the study of layers of deposits at a site in which older materials are found deeper and younger ones are in the top layers

what is stratigraphy

to ensure that their research causes no harm to the people, animals, or artifacts involved

what is the anthropologists' primary ethical concern?

experimental archaeologists

what is the term used for the type of archaeologists who make replicas of ancient tools

absolute dating

what is the term used to describe any method of dating fossils which establishes a precise age range

classical

what is the term used to describe the type of archaeologists who study Old World civilizations such as greece, rome, and egypt

paleoanthropology

what is the term used to refer to the type of anthropology that focuses on the study of ancient human ancestors

remote sensing

what technique is used by archaeologists to identify ancient roads and canals invisible to the human eye but visible with aerial photos and satellite images using a spectrum invisible to the naked eye

biological

what type of anthropologists study primate behavior and also the physical characteristics of ancient and modern humans

historical archaeology

when archaeologists excavate early colonial settlements in jamestown, Virginia, this type of archaeology is known as

cultural resource management

when construction sites reveal artifacts, impact studies may be required to asses the historical importance of the site. In this case, "salvage archaeologists," also called ____ archaeologists, analyze what is found at the site

key informants

when cultural anthropologists do fieldwork in a community, they may rely on just a few chosen people who can provide special knowledge and details about community life. What is the term used for the people chosen

underwater archaeology

when is the term used to describe the type of archaeology that investigates shipwrecks and sites submerged under the sea

the distortion of remains by natural various forces; the scattering of remains by carnivores and scavengers; the possible fossilization of remains

which of the following are studied as part of taphonomy

archaeologists study the past by analyzing objects from dig sites; biological anthropologists study ancient human skeletons or living humans

which of the following best describes how the subfield of archaeology differs from that of biological anthropology

in an undisturbed set of strata, the oldest layer is deepest

which of the following best describes the principle of superposition

anthropologists get to know people via local life

which of the following best sums up the hallmark of ethnography?

it helps to determine an ancient site's environment at the time it was inhabited

which of the following does palynology

an anthropologist goes to live in Amazon River village, gets to know the local people, and writes a report describing the community

which of the following is an example of the ethnographic technique called participant observation?

they excavate to reveal the layers in a site and systematically survey the region

which of the following statements best describes how archaeologists survey sites

it only works on organic materials, such as plant and animal remains, and the specimens cannot be older than 40,000 years old

which of the following statements best describes the limitations of carbon-14 dating

it cannot be used to directly analyze bone or plant remains, but instead is limited to use on ash layers that are older than 500,000 years old

which of the following statements best describes the limitations of potassium-argon dating?

they reconstruct patterns and waves of human migration; they compare the genetic relationship between apes and humans; they examine evolutionary relationships among ancient and contemporary populations

which of the following statements correctly describe what molecular anthropologists do

establishing ongoing collaborative relationships with colleagues in the host country; including colleagues of the host country in planning research and requesting funding

which of the following suitably reflect ethical considerations that should be followed by anthropologists working abroad

establishing ongoing collaborative relationships with colleagues in the host country; including colleagues of the host country in planning research and requesting funding

which of the following suitably reflect ethical considerations that should be followed by anthropologists working abroad?

anthropologists personally experience life in a study community in order to understand it

which statement best describes the major emphasis in the ethnographic method?

to learn about the personal experiences of a few community members over a long period of time, in order to understand responses to change

which statement best describes why ethnographers collect life histories?

survey research relied on questionnaires to gather data, but anthropological research relies on long-term firsthand observations of day-to-day life

which statement best represents the relationship between anthropological research and survey research?

archaeology

which subfield of anthropology specializes in the study of the human past by analyzing artifacts

molecular anthropology

which type of anthropology compares and analyzes DNA from various primates such as chimpanzees and apes, extinct human groups such as Neandertals, and various modern human groups to determine evolutionary relationships>