Ch.3

Which of the following digestive complaint is commonly caused by bacterial infections?

Diarrhea

Based on current research, what are the two factors needed for development of celiac disease?

Dietary exposure to gluten Genetic predisposition to celiac disease

Which of the following are functions of the nervous system?

Directs movements Detects sensations Controls intellectual functioning

True or false: The digestive system is the body system primarily in charge of regulating metabolism.

False

True or false: The storage capacity for nutrients is similar for all nutrients.

False

Why are fluid and fiber recommended treatments for constipation?

Fiber stimulates peristalsis. Fluid facilitates peristalsis.

Which of the following behaviors clearly increases the likelihood of developing a peptic ulcer?

Frequent use of NSAIDs

Pain, nausea, gagging, cough, or hoarseness are all symptoms of _____.

GERD

Identify symptoms of GERD.

Hoarseness Gagging Nausea

Depression and stress likely contribute to the development of

IBS.

What is the first line of defense for treating diarrhea?

Increase the intake of water and electrolytes.

Which of the following are serious risks of untreated peptic ulcers?

Internal bleeding Infections

Which of the following statements about the acidic nature of gastric juice is true.

It halts the biological activity of proteins. It partially digests food protein. It converts the inactive digestive enzymes to their active form.

Which digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes, has a number of mucus-producing cells, and absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids, and the minerals sodium and potassium?

Large intestine

Which of the following lifestyle modifications may help prevent ulcers from occurring or recurring?

Limiting use of NSAIDs Avoiding smoking

What are the best ways to prevent gastrointestinal problems?

Maintain a healthy weight. Avoid tobacco. Do not overuse NSAID medications. Meet the recommendations for fiber and fluid intake.

Which of the following are roles of the endocrine system?

Maintains water balance Plays a major role in the regulation of metabolism Produces hormones

What are two large research studies mapping the microbial genome and trying to understand how probiotics and prebiotics influence human health?

Metagenomics of Human Intestinal Tract program in Europe The Human Microbiome Project in the United States

Which of the following are signs and symptoms that could indicate a peptic ulcer?

Nausea and vomiting Unexpected weight loss Stomach pain about 2 hours after eating

For several months, Clayton has been experiencing gnawing pain in his abdomen about 2 hours after eating. This morning, he felt ill and vomited what looked like coffee grounds. Which of the following is a likely explanation for his condition?

Peptic ulcer

Which of the following substances are present in blood but are NOT present in lymph?

Platelets Red blood cells

Which of the following meals would fit into a gluten-free diet for a person with celiac disease?

Pork roast, sweet potatoes, and brown rice

Which of the following factors increase the risk of developing hemorrhoids?

Pregnancy Obesity Prolonged sitting

Which of the following yields energy?

Protein Fat Carbohydrates

______ of the external anal sphincter allows for elimination.

Relaxation

Gluten is naturally found in which of the following grains? Multiple select question. Rye

Rye Wheat Barley

How do viral or bacterial infections cause diarrhea?

Substances are produced that cause the intestinal cells to secrete fluid rather than absorb fluid.

Which of the following occurs when a person with heartburn takes an antacid?

The acidity of stomach contents is reduced.

Choose the true statements about the human microbiota.

The human microbiota has high metabolic activity. The human microbiota is recognized as a human organ. The human microbiota influences nearly every aspect of human health.

Which statement is true related to what we have learned about human microbiota?

We still have a lot to discover.

The _____ in gastric juice destroys the biological activity of proteins, converts inactive digestive enzymes to their active form, partially digests food protein, and makes dietary minerals soluble so that they can be absorbed.

acid

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in

activating some digestive enzymes. making dietary minerals soluble. partially digesting protein.

An individual with GERD should not lie down after eating because lying down ______.

allows stomach acid to enter the esophagus

The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of

amylase.

If left untreated, ______ can erode through the lining of the small intestine, causing a severe infection and internal bleeding.

an ulcer

What can be taken to reduce acid in the stomach?

antacids

Which of the following types of blood vessels carries blood away from the heart?

arteries

The microbial metabolism of fiber is used ______.

as energy for the cells that line the intestine

The presence of fat in the small intestine causes the release of a hormonal signal that triggers the gallbladder to release ______.

bile

The exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining the

capillaries

A genetic predisposition and dietary exposure to gluten are needed for the development of _____.

celiac disease

Membranes, cytoplasm, and organelles are part of a self-contained, living entity called a(n)

cell

Self-contained, living structures that join together to form tissues are called

cells

Regularly ignoring the urge to defecate may lead to

constipation.

To aid the laxative action of dietary fiber in the large intestine,

consume additional fluid.

Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes

consuming more fluids daily. consuming more fiber daily.

Most cases of constipation could be alleviated by consuming more

dietary fiber. fluids.

Which body system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food and the removal of waste?

digestive

The imbalance of "good" and "bad" microbes in the gut is termed ______.

dysbiosis

The ________ has a major role in the regulation of metabolism, reproduction, and water balance.

endocrine

For individuals with GERD, gnawing pain in the upper chest is caused by the movement of acid from the stomach into the

esophagus.

Which of the following carbohydrates could contribute to IBS?

fructose and sugar alcohols

The secretion of more cholesterol into bile may lead to _____.

gallstones

Dana reports abdominal pain, gas, and bloating after eating, especially meals that are high in fat. She may have

gallstones.

For individuals with a genetic predisposition for celiac disease, dietary exposure to ______ can stimulate an autoimmune response that damages the small intestine.

gluten

What is essential for immune system development and maintenance?

healthy gut microbiota

To alleviate ______, avoid lying down after eating and raise the head of your bed 6 inches.

heartburn

Bright red blood in the stool; itching, swelling, and irritation in the anal canal; and a sensation of a mass in the anal canal are all symptoms of ______.

hemorrhoids

Straining during defecation can lead to development of

hemorrhoids.

Compared to the small intestine, the large intestine ______.

houses more bacteria absorbs fewer nutrients

A healthy gut microbiota profoundly influences ______.

immune function

The safest types of laxatives are those that

increase fecal bulk.

Laxatives can lessen constipation by

increasing fecal bulk. drawing water into the large intestine. stimulating the nerves of the GI tract.

Dysbiosis is implicated in several long-term gastrointestinal problems such as ______.

inflammatory bowel disease irritable bowel syndrome

It is difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but some possible causes include

inflammatory responses. depression and stress. alteration of hormones that regulate the movement of food through the GI tract.

Regular use of ______ may cause constipation.

iron supplements antacids calcium supplements

Gallstones may develop during rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting due to the

liver secreting more cholesterol into the bile.

Where does short-term storage of carbohydrate occur?

muscle and liver

Which of the following are characteristics of gallstones?

nausea or vomiting gas and bloating intermittent pain in the upper right abdomen

The ______ system is a regulatory system that centrally controls most body functions.

nervous

For diarrhea caused by bacterial or viral infections, dietary restrictions (e.g., limiting the diet to include only bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast) are usually ______ for recovery.

not necessary

The starch-digesting enzyme, amylase, is produced by the ______ and ______.

pancreas salivary glands

A series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food along the GI tract is called

peristalsis

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called

peristalsis.

What substances do lymph and blood have in common?

plasma white blood cells

A substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a

prebiotic

The digestive system supports the immune system by

preventing pathogens in food from invading the body.

Foods containing live microorganisms (e.g., lactobacilli), which are eaten in an attempt to promote digestive health, are called

probiotics.

The majority of GI problems can be controlled with ______.

proper nutrition lowering risk factors medical treatment

Gluten is a type of ______ found in wheat, rye, and barley.

protein

Before feces are eliminated, they are held in the

rectum

"Heartburn" doesn't involve the heart at all; it is a pain in the chest caused by

reflux of highly acidic stomach contents into the esophagus.

The ______ and the ______ support the immune system by forming an important barrier against invading microorganisms.

skin; intestinal cells

The main site of nutrient digestion and absorption is the ______ intestine.

small

Chyme passes from the stomach into the ______.

small intestine

Most digestion and absorption of food occurs in the

small intestine.

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______.

starch

Choose the outcomes of microbial metabolism.

synthesizes vitamin K and several B vitamins fuels the cells that line the intestine

The endocrine system is related to nutrition through

the effects of hormones on metabolism and growth.

A community of 100 trillion microorganism that colonizes throughout the body is termed ______.

the microbiota

A collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function is called a(n)

tissue

Each kidney is connected to the bladder by a ______.

ureter

The kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra are part of the ______ system.

urinary

After blood flows through the body, it returns to the heart through the

veins

Peristalsis refers to

waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract.

Most people with a stomach ulcer will notice stomach pain about ______ after eating.

2 hours

The catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields

ATP

The high-energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the cells is called

ATP

______ is stored in the gallbladder.

Bile