ch5: Carbohydrates
At what level is fasting blood glucose considered to be too high?
120mg/dL
To improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes,
Mediterranean-style plan is recommended
_______ is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but now is considered safe when consumed in typical amounts.
Saccharin
The 2 forms of starch digestible by humans are called amylose and _______.
amylopectin
Which polysaccharide is a digestible, highly branched chain type of starch composed of glucose units?
amylopectin
Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch found in plants.
amylose
Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food sources of
amylose
Amylase is
an enzyme
Monk fruit can be used
as a tabletop sweetener, in cooking, in baking
Which non-nutritive sweetener is sold under the brand name Nutrasweet and Equal?
aspartame
Which of following is considered a non-nutritive sweetener yet it contains 4 kcal per gram?
aspartame
At what age can type 1 diabetes first occur?
at any age
Which of following foods contain little or no carbohydrates?
beef, butter
When a person consumes fiber with inadequate fluid intake, which of the following can happen?
blockages in the intestine
What occurs when 2 molecules bond to form a larger molecule by releasing water?
condensation reaction
Which of following are health conditions associated with very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day), especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake?
constipation, intestinal blockages, hemorrhoids, rectal bleeding
Type 2 diabetes is positively associated with
physical inactivity, obesity
Both fiber and starch are types of
polysaccharides
___ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes.
pre-diabetes
If you consume a diet containing little to no carbohydrate, what other dietary components can be used to supply energy?
protein
Which cells in body or body tissue derive almost all of their energy from glucose?
red blood cells, central nervous systems
Which of following sweeteners is a sugar alcohol?
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol
Hemicellulose is a form of ___.
starch
In what form is glucose stored in plants?
starch
Cooking process often viewed as starting point of carbohydrate digestion because cooking helps
starch granules swell with water, softens fibrous tissues
Which of following alternative sweeteners was once believed to cause bladder cancer but since has been proven safe?
succharin
All sweeteners are compared to the sweeteners found in
sucrose
How do fibrous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?
they absorb water and expand in the GI tract
What would be benefit of having sugar alcohols instead of sugars in a food product?
they have fewer calories
Alternative sweeteners provide ___ calories compared to sucrose.
less
Which fibers form the structural part of plant cell wall in vegetables and whole grains?
lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose
The ___ works in concert with pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.
liver
Hypoglycemia is a ____ blood glucose level.
low
Raffinose and stachyose are examples of what type of complex carbohydrate?
oligosaccharides
Which of following foods would produce high level of insulin to be released?
pasta, coca-cola, honey
How many cans of diet soft drinks can as adult consume and not exceed acceptable daily intake of aspartame?
18
In metabolic syndrome, which of following may be elevated?
blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides
The problem with excess amount of ___ in diet is it provides empty calories and promotes dental caries.
sugar
Which non-nutritive sweetener is not currently available as alternative sweetener in United States?
cyclamates
Which of following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?
low HDL cholesterol, high fasting glucose, large waist circumference, hypertension (elevated blood pressure). high blood triglycerides
This alternative sweetener is heat stable and can be used as a table top sweetener or in cooking applications. It's 7000-13000 times sweeter than table sugar
neotame
What are the 2 broad classes of sweeteners?
nutritive, non-nutritive
What are some characteristics of sugar alcohols?
contribute fewer calories than sugars, do not promote dental decay, absorbed and metabolized more slowly than sugars
Through Food and Nutrition Board recommends person consume 45 to 65% of their calories from carbohydrates, the actual RDA for carbohydrates is much
less
Foods that contain moderate amount of carbohydrate include peas, dried beans, dairy. These foods the carbohydrate content is diluted with
protein and fat
Above what level is blind pressure considered to be a risk factor for metabolic syndrome?
130/85 mmHg
Acesulfame-K is how much sweeter than sugar
200 times
Which best describes the Food and Nutrition Board's recommendation for daily intake of carbohydrates?
45 to 65% of total calories
How much sweeter is sucralose than sucrose?
600 times
fasting hypoglycemia
A condition associated with an abnormally low fasting blood glucose level. Caused by underlying medical condition as cancer, liver disease, renal disease
What's guideline that is set a level 100 times less than level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies?
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
Of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?
Amylopectin
The polysaccharide, _______, is used in many frozen foods because it remains stable over a wide temperature range.
Amylopectin
___ different from starches since links join the individual sugar units can't be digested by human enzymes in GI tract.
Fiber is
glucagon
increases blood glucose
Which organizations suggest limiting added sugar to more than 10% of daily total energy intake for age 2 and older?
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, World Health Organization
Which of following are true of polysaccharides?
They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits, Made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form chain, contains hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules.They are sometimes called starches, They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates
Stevia is an alternative sweetener derived from
a South American shrub
Epinephrine is released from the
adrenal glands
How's salivary amylase inactivated?
by stomach acids
(Glycemic Index x Grams of ____)/100 = Glycemic Load
carbohydrate
Patients with hypoglycemia may need to regulate
carbohydrates
Which of following carbohydrates is not digestible by humans?
cellulose
Sucralose is made by substituting 3 _______ for 3 hydroxyl groups to sucrose
chlorines
Which of following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet Adequate Intakes (AIs)?
choose fiber-rich fruits, choose vegetables, choose vegetables
To treat an episode of diverticulitis, individuals should ___ their fiber intake.
decrease
insulin
decreases blood glucose
Stephen complains to doctor frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over past 3 months, also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him for tests to see if he has
diabetes
When a person's fasting blood glucose levels are equal to or rise above 126mg/dl, they're classified as having _______.
diabetes
Which of following may occur as a result of excessive straining during defecation?
diverticula, hemorrhoids
Although aspartame is safe for most individuals, adverse reactions have been observed such as
dizziness, headaches, nausea
Hyperactivity ___ result from consuming a diet high in redefined carbohydrates.
does not
Treatment for Metabolic Syndrome includes
eating a healthy diet, increasing physical activity, weight loss
reactive hypoglycemia
exaggerated insulin response after eating. Develops 2-5 hrs following meal
Which of following areas of body are permanently damaged by poor controlled diabetes?
eyes, kidneys. heart
A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because
fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in liver, soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in GI tract, causing it to be excreted
Which of following influence glycemic index?
fiber content, a food's starch structure, macronutrients in a meal
Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?
fructose
Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?
fructose and glucose
Which of the following are monosaccharides (simple sugars)?
galactose, fructose, glucose
Maintaining good blood _______ control is critical to prevent long-term, diabetes-related complications.
glucose
Name the most abundant monosaccharide found in the body.
glucose
Which of following is true about pre-diabetes?
glucose levels are elevated but not high enough to indicate diabetes
The advantage of the branched structure of _______ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.
glycogen
The liver and muscle are the major storage sites for
glycogen
The storage form of carbohydrates in humans and animals is called
glycogen
Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of _____ (a disaccharide).
lactose
Which sugar is 55% fructose, used extensively in food industry, cheaper to produce than sucrose?
high-fructose corn syrup
Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 150 mg/dl. According to these results, she is
hyperglycemic
Which statements are true concerning labeling of foods containing sugar alcohols?
if only 1 sugar alcohol is used, must be individually listed, if 2 or more sugar alcohols are used, can be grouped together under heading, sugar alcohols must be listed on a food label
Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ___ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ____ -producing cells in the _____
immune; insulin;pancreas
Which of following is true about the carbohydrate intake of Americans?
intake of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose adds 270 calories daily, added sugars in diet account for over 14.5% of total energy intake
Which of the following are true concerning tagatose?
it can be used in cooking and baking, it yields only 1.5 kcal/g
Which of the following is true about aspartame?
it loses its sweetness when heated
During low carbohydrate intake fat isn't completely metabolized, leading to formation of ___.
ketone bodies
Ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ___.
ketone bodies
What's produced when starch is broken down in just 2 glucose molecules bonded together?
maltose
Which disaccharide plays an important role in the production of alcoholic beverages?
maltose
Which of following are symptoms of hypoglycemia?
shakiness, irritability
High glycemic-load foods
shouldn't be overeaten at any one meal
Soluble fibers to help regulate blood glucose by
slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestine
Which part of GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates begin?
small intestine
Which of following processed foods or beverage are high in added sugars?
soda, ice cream, cakes
Apples, bananas, oat products, and beans are good sources of
soluble fiber
What are some natural food sources of sucrose?
sugar beets and maple tree sap
Which 3 of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?
table sugar, fruit, jam
The main function of glucose is
to provide energy
Individuals with ___ always require daily administrations of insulin
type 1 diabetes
Diet, exercise, and oral medications are typical treatments for
type 2 diabetes
Treatment for Metabolic Syndrome is essentially same as treatment of what other disease?
type 2 diabetes
Which of following is true about people with primary lactose intolerance?
usually tolerate 1/2 to 1 cup of milk with meals
What food is often used as the standard for comparison to determine glycemic index?
white bread, potatoes, Gatorade, short-grain rice, honey, jelly beans
Which of following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels?
whole grain bread, kidney beans
