ch5: Carbohydrates

At what level is fasting blood glucose considered to be too high?

120mg/dL

To improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes,

Mediterranean-style plan is recommended

_______ is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but now is considered safe when consumed in typical amounts.

Saccharin

The 2 forms of starch digestible by humans are called amylose and _______.

amylopectin

Which polysaccharide is a digestible, highly branched chain type of starch composed of glucose units?

amylopectin

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch found in plants.

amylose

Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food sources of

amylose

Amylase is

an enzyme

Monk fruit can be used

as a tabletop sweetener, in cooking, in baking

Which non-nutritive sweetener is sold under the brand name Nutrasweet and Equal?

aspartame

Which of following is considered a non-nutritive sweetener yet it contains 4 kcal per gram?

aspartame

At what age can type 1 diabetes first occur?

at any age

Which of following foods contain little or no carbohydrates?

beef, butter

When a person consumes fiber with inadequate fluid intake, which of the following can happen?

blockages in the intestine

What occurs when 2 molecules bond to form a larger molecule by releasing water?

condensation reaction

Which of following are health conditions associated with very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day), especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake?

constipation, intestinal blockages, hemorrhoids, rectal bleeding

Type 2 diabetes is positively associated with

physical inactivity, obesity

Both fiber and starch are types of

polysaccharides

___ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes.

pre-diabetes

If you consume a diet containing little to no carbohydrate, what other dietary components can be used to supply energy?

protein

Which cells in body or body tissue derive almost all of their energy from glucose?

red blood cells, central nervous systems

Which of following sweeteners is a sugar alcohol?

sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol

Hemicellulose is a form of ___.

starch

In what form is glucose stored in plants?

starch

Cooking process often viewed as starting point of carbohydrate digestion because cooking helps

starch granules swell with water, softens fibrous tissues

Which of following alternative sweeteners was once believed to cause bladder cancer but since has been proven safe?

succharin

All sweeteners are compared to the sweeteners found in

sucrose

How do fibrous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?

they absorb water and expand in the GI tract

What would be benefit of having sugar alcohols instead of sugars in a food product?

they have fewer calories

Alternative sweeteners provide ___ calories compared to sucrose.

less

Which fibers form the structural part of plant cell wall in vegetables and whole grains?

lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose

The ___ works in concert with pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.

liver

Hypoglycemia is a ____ blood glucose level.

low

Raffinose and stachyose are examples of what type of complex carbohydrate?

oligosaccharides

Which of following foods would produce high level of insulin to be released?

pasta, coca-cola, honey

How many cans of diet soft drinks can as adult consume and not exceed acceptable daily intake of aspartame?

18

In metabolic syndrome, which of following may be elevated?

blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides

The problem with excess amount of ___ in diet is it provides empty calories and promotes dental caries.

sugar

Which non-nutritive sweetener is not currently available as alternative sweetener in United States?

cyclamates

Which of following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?

low HDL cholesterol, high fasting glucose, large waist circumference, hypertension (elevated blood pressure). high blood triglycerides

This alternative sweetener is heat stable and can be used as a table top sweetener or in cooking applications. It's 7000-13000 times sweeter than table sugar

neotame

What are the 2 broad classes of sweeteners?

nutritive, non-nutritive

What are some characteristics of sugar alcohols?

contribute fewer calories than sugars, do not promote dental decay, absorbed and metabolized more slowly than sugars

Through Food and Nutrition Board recommends person consume 45 to 65% of their calories from carbohydrates, the actual RDA for carbohydrates is much

less

Foods that contain moderate amount of carbohydrate include peas, dried beans, dairy. These foods the carbohydrate content is diluted with

protein and fat

Above what level is blind pressure considered to be a risk factor for metabolic syndrome?

130/85 mmHg

Acesulfame-K is how much sweeter than sugar

200 times

Which best describes the Food and Nutrition Board's recommendation for daily intake of carbohydrates?

45 to 65% of total calories

How much sweeter is sucralose than sucrose?

600 times

fasting hypoglycemia

A condition associated with an abnormally low fasting blood glucose level. Caused by underlying medical condition as cancer, liver disease, renal disease

What's guideline that is set a level 100 times less than level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies?

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

Of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?

Amylopectin

The polysaccharide, _______, is used in many frozen foods because it remains stable over a wide temperature range.

Amylopectin

___ different from starches since links join the individual sugar units can't be digested by human enzymes in GI tract.

Fiber is

glucagon

increases blood glucose

Which organizations suggest limiting added sugar to more than 10% of daily total energy intake for age 2 and older?

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, World Health Organization

Which of following are true of polysaccharides?

They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits, Made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form chain, contains hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules.They are sometimes called starches, They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates

Stevia is an alternative sweetener derived from

a South American shrub

Epinephrine is released from the

adrenal glands

How's salivary amylase inactivated?

by stomach acids

(Glycemic Index x Grams of ____)/100 = Glycemic Load

carbohydrate

Patients with hypoglycemia may need to regulate

carbohydrates

Which of following carbohydrates is not digestible by humans?

cellulose

Sucralose is made by substituting 3 _______ for 3 hydroxyl groups to sucrose

chlorines

Which of following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet Adequate Intakes (AIs)?

choose fiber-rich fruits, choose vegetables, choose vegetables

To treat an episode of diverticulitis, individuals should ___ their fiber intake.

decrease

insulin

decreases blood glucose

Stephen complains to doctor frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over past 3 months, also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him for tests to see if he has

diabetes

When a person's fasting blood glucose levels are equal to or rise above 126mg/dl, they're classified as having _______.

diabetes

Which of following may occur as a result of excessive straining during defecation?

diverticula, hemorrhoids

Although aspartame is safe for most individuals, adverse reactions have been observed such as

dizziness, headaches, nausea

Hyperactivity ___ result from consuming a diet high in redefined carbohydrates.

does not

Treatment for Metabolic Syndrome includes

eating a healthy diet, increasing physical activity, weight loss

reactive hypoglycemia

exaggerated insulin response after eating. Develops 2-5 hrs following meal

Which of following areas of body are permanently damaged by poor controlled diabetes?

eyes, kidneys. heart

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in liver, soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in GI tract, causing it to be excreted

Which of following influence glycemic index?

fiber content, a food's starch structure, macronutrients in a meal

Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?

fructose

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

fructose and glucose

Which of the following are monosaccharides (simple sugars)?

galactose, fructose, glucose

Maintaining good blood _______ control is critical to prevent long-term, diabetes-related complications.

glucose

Name the most abundant monosaccharide found in the body.

glucose

Which of following is true about pre-diabetes?

glucose levels are elevated but not high enough to indicate diabetes

The advantage of the branched structure of _______ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.

glycogen

The liver and muscle are the major storage sites for

glycogen

The storage form of carbohydrates in humans and animals is called

glycogen

Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of _____ (a disaccharide).

lactose

Which sugar is 55% fructose, used extensively in food industry, cheaper to produce than sucrose?

high-fructose corn syrup

Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 150 mg/dl. According to these results, she is

hyperglycemic

Which statements are true concerning labeling of foods containing sugar alcohols?

if only 1 sugar alcohol is used, must be individually listed, if 2 or more sugar alcohols are used, can be grouped together under heading, sugar alcohols must be listed on a food label

Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ___ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ____ -producing cells in the _____

immune; insulin;pancreas

Which of following is true about the carbohydrate intake of Americans?

intake of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose adds 270 calories daily, added sugars in diet account for over 14.5% of total energy intake

Which of the following are true concerning tagatose?

it can be used in cooking and baking, it yields only 1.5 kcal/g

Which of the following is true about aspartame?

it loses its sweetness when heated

During low carbohydrate intake fat isn't completely metabolized, leading to formation of ___.

ketone bodies

Ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ___.

ketone bodies

What's produced when starch is broken down in just 2 glucose molecules bonded together?

maltose

Which disaccharide plays an important role in the production of alcoholic beverages?

maltose

Which of following are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

shakiness, irritability

High glycemic-load foods

shouldn't be overeaten at any one meal

Soluble fibers to help regulate blood glucose by

slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestine

Which part of GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates begin?

small intestine

Which of following processed foods or beverage are high in added sugars?

soda, ice cream, cakes

Apples, bananas, oat products, and beans are good sources of

soluble fiber

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

sugar beets and maple tree sap

Which 3 of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?

table sugar, fruit, jam

The main function of glucose is

to provide energy

Individuals with ___ always require daily administrations of insulin

type 1 diabetes

Diet, exercise, and oral medications are typical treatments for

type 2 diabetes

Treatment for Metabolic Syndrome is essentially same as treatment of what other disease?

type 2 diabetes

Which of following is true about people with primary lactose intolerance?

usually tolerate 1/2 to 1 cup of milk with meals

What food is often used as the standard for comparison to determine glycemic index?

white bread, potatoes, Gatorade, short-grain rice, honey, jelly beans

Which of following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels?

whole grain bread, kidney beans