CH.5 MWH
what was the most deadly disease? its cause? its resolution? who found out where it came from and what it was?
Cholera- caused by contaminated water supply (person could die in a matter of days) Change/ clean up the water supply of a city. Dr. Snow figured out that it wasn't the air infecting everyone, like most people believed (miasma). He also came up with a resolution.
right to strike
Strike: union tells members to stop work to pressure employers to meet demands for higher wages or improved factory safety At 1st, laws made strikes illegal under any situation 1870: unions won the right to vote in Great Britain 1914: almost 4M workers in British trade unions Rest of Europe: trade unions had varying degrees of success in helping workers achieve a better life
How did the governments react to this information?
Things to worry about: Housing (cramped spaces= spread of disease) Public sanitation
Parts of True World Economy
Transportation by steamship and railroad Financial: European money was invested in other foreign enterprises that would produce a profit Foreign Countries: provided markets for the manufactured goods of Europe to be sold TO Capital, industries, and military might- helped Europe dominate the world economy
Second Industrial Revolution Affect on Daily Lives
Workers: disrupted lives and forced them to move to crowded slums had to give up on occupations they knew and liked, instead working long hours at mind-numbing tasks EVENTUALLY gave workers a higher standard of living (not true at first, and it took many decades for many workers for conditions to improve)
Reformers during the 2nd Industrial Revolution
believed that industrial capitalism was heartless and brutal (wanted a new society) some were moderates, who were willing to work within the new system for gradual changes. often, they used trade unions to achieve the gradual changes they wanted other reformers were radical/revolutionary wanted to abolish the capitalist system to create a socialist system, supporting socialist parties to try to achieve this goal
Development of the Internal-combustion engine
could be fired by oil or gasoline gave rise to ocean liners and warships w/ oil-fired engines, airplane, and automobile 1902: first powered flight in a fixed-wing plane 1908: Henry Ford produced his first Model T Model T: affordable and kicked off era when people began owning cars
how did city governments respond to reformers' complaints?
created boards of health to improve housing medical officers/ building inspectors analyzed possibilities of health hazards began requiring running water and internal drainage systems for new buildings needed fresh water, so they began to create dams and reservoirs used aqueducts and tunnels to carry it from the countryside to urban homes 1860s: people could start taking regular hot baths (electric/gas heaters invented) mammoth underground pipes were constructed to safely carry sewage far away from the city for diposal
What did the lower class want at the end of the 19th century?
demanded some sort of governmental attention. They were concentrated in cities, and as voter, became a political force
True World Economy
second industrial revolution marked a major step toward a true world economy
First and Second International
1862: First International was founded to promote socialist goals, but died out quickly because members couldn't agree on tactics 1889: Second International was founded, but socialist parties continued to disagree over (precise) goals and tactics "Pure-Marxists" thought only a violent revolution could defeat capitalism while other Marxists, revisionists, rejected the idea of violent revolution, arguing that workers could get socialism through the Parliamentary system. The more and more workers won the right to vote, the laws could be changed and workers would have better lives.
Steel
1870-1914 replaced/substituted for iron useful for building lighter and faster machines/engines, as well as railways, ships, and weapons 1860: 125,000 tons produced (by Great Britain + France + Germany + Belgium) 1913: Total rose to 32M tons
Negative side of the Second Industrial Revolution
1900: Europe was divided into 2 economic zones- Advanced industrialized core: Great Britain, Belgium, France, Netherlands, Germany, Western Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Northern Italy had high standard of living, with advanced transportation Still largely agricultural: Southern Italy, Spain, Portugal, Balkans, Russia, and most of Austria-Hungary provided food and raw materials for industrial countries people often had a much lower standard of living
What were the differences between the first and second industrial revolutions?
1st revolution: it was the 1st one created textiles, coal, iron, and railroads as major elements made economies more productive 2nd revolution: the 2nd one created steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum as the keys to making economies even more productive
SPD
German Social Democratic Party (SPD) founded in 1875 advocated a Marxist revolution. Bismarck outlawed the SPD in 1878, but it grew anyways and was legalized in 1890 SPD representatives in Parliament lobbied for laws to improve working conditions. 1912: 4M Germans vote for SPD candidates, making it the largest political party in Germany wasn't able to bring in changes because more power was given to the upper house and emperor
when did improvements appear?
ONLY after reformers in 1840s began urging local governments to take acton on the filthy conditions that caused disease.
how did reformers get the government to make changes?
Reformers blamed some problems on lack of restraints on builders, and complained about public sanitation, along with the treatment of waste and food/water supply
New Patterns in the Second Industrial Revolution
helped Industrial Production increase at a rapid pace because demand for goods was a mass market- many more Europeans could afford to buy products 1870: European wages increased, manufactured goods were becoming cheaper (production and transportation were more efficient) Assembly line: a new manufacturing method by Henry Ford in 1913 Resulted in a much more efficient mass production of goods Department Stores: began selling a new range of products made by the steel and electrical industries (clocks, bicycles, lights, typewriters, etc) Glass technology: inspired stores to create eye-catching window displays
Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat means
middle class vs working class
Electricity
new major form of energy could be easily converted into other forms of energy (heat, light, motion), which could be transported using wires 1870s: first practical generators of electrical current were developed 1910: hydroelectric power stations and coal-fired, steam-driven generating plants allowed homes/factories to draw off a reliable, versatile, clean, and convenient source of power gave birth to series of inventions: lightbulb (Thomas Edison) telephone (Alexander Graham Bell- 1876) radio waves (Guglielmo Marconi- 1901) 1900: streetcars and subways powered by electricity appeared in major European cities Conveyor belts, cranes, and manufacturing machines could all be power by electricity, and with electric lights, factories could function 24 hrs a day
Karl Max
one of the most influential theorists of the nineteenth century published The Communist Manifesto w/ coauthor Friedrich Engels denounced the new industrial economy and predicted that it would eventually be defeated. (thought a workers' revolution was eventually to occur, and when it occurred, it would destroy capitalism with material wealth distributed equally between all workers) believed that the the oppressor and oppressed have constantly been against one another for all time Oppressors: capitalists with the capital owned the land and raw material Oppressed: workers who owned nothing who depended for survival on capitalists Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat
Trade Unions
organizations that workers formed to help improve their conditions of work had to get the employer to recognize its right to represent workers in bargaining and negotiations with employers over wages and hours
New Products of the Second Industrial Revolution
steel replaced iron electricity was a new major form of energy new streetcars and subways development of the internal-combustion engine, fired by oil or gas- provided as a new source in transportation
What was the Second Industrial Revolution?
the second industrial revolution that improved industries by creating steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum as the keys to making economies even more productive
What did Marx predict?
the struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat would eventually lead to revolution the proletariat would violently overthrow the bourgeoisie a dictatorship of the proletariat would form to abolish capitalism and create a socialist economy after the dictatorship abolishes economic differences among classes, a classless society would come about
Why did cities expand so quickly?
vast numbers of people from rural areas migrated to them countryside no longer held jobs, and land had never been the peoples' found jobs in factories and white-collar jobs (later) innovations to public health and sanitation- more people could live together
