Ch6

Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description.

secure = sensitive, consistent avoidant = unavailable, rejecting, irritable resistant = inconsistent, unaffectionate disorganized = neglectful, abusive

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?

securely attached

Which type of emotion requires self-awareness and a sense of "me"?

self-conscious

An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called

separation protest.

Which of the following actions soothe infants?

singing lullabies rocking and stroking thumb sucking

Baby Julio isn't very active and shows a low intensity of mood. According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, Julio is a(n) ______ child.

slow-to-warm-up

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

slow-to-warm-up easy difficult

Gaia is a happy and cheerful baby. Luis is cranky and cries a lot. The difference between the two babies is best described as a difference in

temperament.

Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their

temperament.

Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following?

the social context the characteristic of the stranger

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave.

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______ months.

15

are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

Emotions

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

Face-to-face

True or false: The United States has led the way in providing paid parental leave to care for a newborn.

False

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

He is a securely attached baby.

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?

It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

True

True or false: When an infant is upset, a caregiver's soothing actions influence the infant's emotions.

True

The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

Developmental social neuroscience involves the brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitters that are important in motivating mother-infant

attachment

What is the close emotional bond between two people called?

attachment

The close emotional bond between caregivers and infants is known as

attachment or emotional attachment

Caregivers of ______ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting.

avoidant

A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

basic

In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?

behavioral organization communication with others

Which of the following are characteristic of an infant's pain cry?

breath holding lack of preliminary moaning

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) __________child.

difficult

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) __________ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult or hard

The social system of the family has ______ and ______ effects on the members

direct; indirect

Caregivers of insecure ______ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.

disorganized

Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) ______ child.

easy

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) __________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy or easygoing

A positive family climate for children and adolescents involves which two of the following?

effective parenting marital satisfaction between parents

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an

emotion or feeling

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an __________

emotion or feeling

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an

emotion.

Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predisposition toward which of the following?

emotional reactivity

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

emotions.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence an individual's emotions?

environmental quality

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

goodness of fit.

Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following?

higher levels of parental sensitivity higher levels of parental responsiveness higher parental involvement

A slow-to-warm-up child has a ______ activity level, is somewhat ______, and displays ______ intensity of mood.

low; negative; low

Anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as ______ emotions.

negative

Which of the following regions of the brain is likely the LEAST related to mother-infant attachment?

occipital lobe

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as

personality, traits, or personality traits

Which of the following types of emotions are present in infancy?

primary emotions

Variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions is referred to as

reactivity.

Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?

reflexive

A ________(reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a _________(reflexive/social) smile does.

reflexive social

Self-_________ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions.

regulation

Regarding emotional regulation, which of the following statements is true?

By rocking an infant to sleep, the caregiver is helping the infant soothe their emotions.