Ch.7 Memory
" I am the translation of information into a form in which it can be stored."
Encoding
recall specific information, either from our own experiences or form knowledge we have acquired.
Explicit Memories
" I am the process by which a person recollects prior experiences, information, and skills learned in the past. "
Memory
" I am any observable event or occurrence."
Phenomenon
" I am the locating of stored information and the returning of it to conscious thought."
Retrieval
knowledge that Washington D.C. is the capital of the United States is an example of
Semantic Memory
"I am the maintenance of encoded information over a period of time."
Storage
organization of items into familiar or manageable units
chunking
fading away of a memory over time
decay
gradual loss of memory over time
decay
moved from an original place or location
displace
echoes of sounds that can last a long time in your memory
echoic memory
mental register of traces of sound
echoic memory
brief memories of mental pictures formed of visual stimuli
iconic memory
memories that include practiced skills and learned habits
implicit
loss of memory of early events
infantile amnesia
bringing to the mind of information that has been encountered in the past.
recall
nonimmediate retrieval of learning information
recall
person does not immediately recognize an item of object but must search his or her memory for information about it.
recall
memories that recall events that happened in our own lives
episodic
people that forget the period leading up to a traumatic event are suffering
retrograde amnesia
mental representation formed of the world by organizing bits of information into knowledge
schemas
two peoples memories of an event can differ based on their individual
schemas
memory that codes represent information in terms of its meaning
semantic
memory that holds information briefly before it is either stored in long-term memory or forgotten
short-term memory
can be triggered through emotions
state- dependent
use of sounds to try to remember a piece of information
acoustic memory code
severe memory loss
amnesia
losing the ability to store new memories is a symptom of
anterograde amnesia
reducing information you are trying to remember into small, manageable units
chunking
Visiting a place from your past can trigger
context- dependent memories
ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time
eidetic imagery
replacing of information in short-term memory with new information
interference
maintenance and elaborative rehearsal can transfer information into
long- term memory
type of stage of memory capable of large and relatively permanent storage
long-term memory
repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting it
maintenance rehearsal
method used to improve memory
mnemonic
methods for improving ones memory
mnemonics
tendency to recall the first items in a series
primary effect
people often recall items at the end of the list better than those in the middle is known as
recency effect
identification of objects or events that have been encountered before
recognition
memory process in which one identifies objects or events that have previously been encountered
recognition
reacquisition of knowledge that was once known
relearning
Psychologists refer to the process of locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought as
retrieval
