Ch.7 Skeletal system
caranoid process characteristics
1. Anterior projection of ramus 2. Attachment site for chewing muscles
endochondral ossification steps
1. Hyaline cartilage model forms 2. Cartilage tissue breaks down 3. Osteoblasts form spongy and compact bone. 4. Osteoblasts become osteocytes.
2 characteristics of the hyoid bone
1. Located between the lower jaw and the larynx 2. Provides attachment for muscles that move the tongue
Characteristics of epiphyseal plate
1. Seperates the diaphysis and the epiphysis of long bones 2. Consists of cartliagenous cells 3. Responsible for the growth in length is of long bones
Characteristics of paranasal sinuses
1. They reduce the weight of the skull 2. They're air filled cavities 3. Increase the intensity of the voice
What role do sex hormones play in bone growths
1. They stimulate growth at the epiphyseal plate and therefore long bone growth 2.they stimulate closure of the epiphyseal plate and therefore stop long bone growth
Sequence of events in the process of healing fractures
1. hematoma formation 2. Fibrocartilage formation 3. Bony callus formation 4. Bone remodeling by osteoclasts
mandibular condyle characteristics
1. posterior projection of ramus 2. articulates with the temporal bone
4 major functions of a bone
1.) Blood cell formation 2.) storage of inorganic salts 3. Attachment for muscles 4.) support and protection
functions of pelvic girdle
1.) protects urinary bladder 2.) supports the trunk 3.) Provides muscle attachment for muscles of lower limbs
Thoracic vertebrae number
12
the thoracic cage has how many pairs of ribs?
12
How many bones are in the human body?
206
The human body has __ ribs
24
How many distinct layers form an epiphyseal plate
4 layers
Base of vertebral column is composed of __ fused vertebrae and is called the sacrum
5
Lumbar vertebrae number
5
How many tarsal bones are there in the foot
7
cervical vertebrae number
7
Epicondyle
A projection situated above a condyle
Components of intervertebral discs
Annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus
Cellular process of osteocytes pass through small tunnels called ...
Canaliculi
Bone tissue is largely composed of..
Collage and inorganic salts
2 main components of the extracellular matrix of bone
Collagen and inorganic salts
___ bone has a continuous extracellular matrix organized into osteons w/ no gaps
Compact
The medial and lateral __ of the tibia are concave surfaces that provide an articular surface for the femur
Condyles
How does a long bone grow in width
Deposit of new bone under the periosteum of the diaphysis
A long bone has an expanded portion at each end called an epiphysis and a shaft called ..
Diaphysis
Indicate the paranasal sinuses
Ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid, frontal
The lateral malleolus is located on the inferior end of the bone called the
Fibula
What bones are found in the lower limb
Fibula, phalanges, tarsals, femur, metatarsals, and tibia
Bones that form through intramembranous ossification
Flat bones of the skull Mandible Sternum
Name for the passageway at the base if the skull where the brainstem connects to the spinal cord
Foramen magnum
Osteoporosis is characterized by
Fragile bones that fracture easily
At what site on the scapula does the humerus articulate
Glenoid cavity
Name of the small oval depression on the lateral surface of the scapula
Glenoid cavity
fissure
Groove in a bone
What helps control the opposing processes of resorption and deposition of the bony matrix?
Hormones
Function of skeletal system
House blood producing cells
The____ articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Humerus
What bones are found in the upper limb?
Humerus, ulna, metacarpals, radius, carpals, phalanges
Where does hematopoiesis first begin?
In the yolk sac outside the embryo
Within the vertebral column the vertebrae are separatesby masses of fibrocartilage called
Intervertebral discs
2 characteristics of the 1st vertebrae the atlas thats dont apply to other cervical vertebrae
It has no vertebral body it has no spinous process
Body of a mature bone cell occupies a small chamber called a...
Lacunae
Small chambers that house bone cells
Lacunae
Concentric circles of bone tissue around a central canal are called ...
Lamellae
Illium
Largest portion of the hipbone that articulates with the sacrum.
Features of the temporal bone
Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process Styloid process
Indicate the features of the temporal bone
Mastoid process Zygomatic process Styloid process External acoustic meatus
2 bony projections under the ear are the rounded ___ and the pointed ___
Mastoid process; styloid process
what bone has palatine processes?
Maxilla
The ___ bones make up the instep of the foot
Metatarsal
hyaline cartilage
Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose
Crest
Narrow, ridge like projection
Which bone forms the back of the craniums base of the skull?
Occipital bone
Thyroxine stimulates
Osteoblast activity
Cells that deposit and form bones are called ..
Osteoblasts
cells that deposit and form bone
Osteoblasts
Cells that dissolve in inorganic components of the calcified bone matrix
Osteoclasts
When osteoblasts completely surround themselves with extracellular matrix, they become cells called ....
Osteocytes
The rigidity of a compact bone comes front he arrangement of osteocytes in concentric circles around a central canal forming a structural unit knows as a
Osteon
When the blood calcium levels are low ____ stimulate___ osteoclasts to break down bone tissue in order to raise calcium levels
Parathyroid; osteoclasts
Bones that form part of the roof and side of teh cranium
Parietal
Horizontal or transverse tubes that connect central canals are...
Perforating canals
Bone found in the fingers are called
Phalanges
axial skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
intramembrous ossification
Process of bone formation from membranelike layers of connective tissue
endochondral ossification
Process of transforming cartilage into bone.
crista galli
Sharp triangular peak
How do intramembranous bones form?
Sheetlike layers of unspecialized connective tissue
From fetal period to death what organs can produce blood cells
Spleen, bone marrow, liver
The numerous spaces between trabeculae in ___ bone helps reduce the weight of a long bone
Spongy
___bone has irregular interconnecting spaces between bony platea called trabeculae
Spongy
Another name for fissue
Sulcus
What is the role of the superior and middle nasal conchae
Support mucous membranes that filter and warm air
What bone forms the side of the skull around the ear
Temporal bone
What is the function of red bone marrow
The production of blood cells
What are trabeculae?
Thin bony plates in spongy bone
Name of the process on the proximal end of the tibia where the patellar ligament attaches
Tibial tuberosity
What structure of a typical vertebrae projects laterally and allows for ligament and muscle attachment
Transverse process
True/False a bone such as the femur is made up more than one type of tissue
True
The humerus, radius, ulna, and carpals are found in the ...
Upper limb
The bone marrow that stores fat and is inactive in blood cell production is ....
Yellow bone marrow
The bone that forms the bony prominence of the cheeks is the ....
Zygomatic bone
scapula, femur, and carpals
appendicular
Bones of the limbs
appendicular skeleton
What is the name of the 1st cervical vertebra?
atlas
ribs, frontal bone, and vertebrae
axial
The bones of the head, neck, and trunk.
axial skeleton
A function of a bone is to house tissues that produce...
blood cells
appendicular skeleton
bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
-blast
bud
Anatomical name for the heel bone
calcaneus
What bones compose a pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula
what bones compose a pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula
Incomplete fusion of the palatine processes of the maxillae during fetal development is a disorder called...
cleft palate
Anatomical name for tailbone
coccyx
What structure articulates with the sternum
costal cartilages
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
structures that compose the skull
cranium and facial bones
most bones of the body are ___ bones
endochondral
Membrane lining the medullary cavity
endosteum
band of the cartilage that allows for growth in length of an endochondral bone
epiphyseal plate
The ends of long bones are called
epiphysis
The ends of the long bone are called the...
epiphysis
What 2 bones form the nasal septum?
ethmoid and vomer
The cribriform plate is part of the ...
ethmoid bone
what group of bones, 13 immovable and 1 movable, provide location for muscle attachment?
facial bones
structure in the skull that allow for compression of the skull during childbirth and rapid brain growth in early life
fontanels
clinical term for a broken bone
fracture
What hormone stimulates growth at the epiphyseal plate
growth hormone
process of blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
Acetabulum
hip socket
lowest part of the hip bone that you sit on and is found on the posterior portion of the hip
ischlum
Where is the vertebral column located?
it extends from the skull to the pelvis
Where is the fibula located
lateral side of lower leg
Categories of Bones
long, short, flat, irregular
Hollow chamber of the diaphysis
medullary cavity
The cells that deposit new bone matrix are called
osteoblasts
cells called ____ dissolve bony matrix
osteoclasts
cells that dissolve the bony matrix
osteoclasts
Mature bone cells are called
osteocytes
The bones of the lower limb include the ...
phelanges, tarsals, metatarsals, femur, tibia, and fibula
What is ossification?
process of bone formation
what are the functions of the vertebral column
protects the spinal cord, supports the head and body, attaches to skeletal muscles of the back
Name of the bone that makes up anterior portion of the hip bone
pubis
Condyle
rounded process that articulates with another bone
a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine
sacrum
saggital suture
separates the left and right parietal bone
characteristics of an infantile skull
sinuses are incompletely formed and the frontal bone is in 2 parts
facet
small, flat articular surface
when comparing an infant skull to an adult skull; the infants mandible is ____ and the infant has ____ bones
smaller; more
Anatomical name for breastbone
sternum
coronal suture
the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull
Anatomical name for the shin bone
tibia
What bone is located on the medial side of the leg
tibia
what is the function of the thoracic cage
to assists in breathing
-clast
to break
-poie
to make, to produce
Branching bony plates in spongy bone
trabeculae
name of the bone on the medial side of the forearm
ulna
the spinal cord passes through what structure in the vertebrae
vertabral foramen
Bones that form the spinal cord or back bone are called
vertebrae
The carpal bones form the:
wrist