Chap 12
ceruloplasmin
a copper-containing protein that transports copper in the body. it also plays a role in oxidizing ferric to ferrous iron
autoimmune
a destructive immune response directed toward an individuals own tissues
macrocytic anemia
a form of anemia manifested as the production of larger than normal red blood cells containing insufficient hemoglobin, which inhibits adequate transport of oxygen; also called megaloblastic anemia. Macrocytic anemia can be caused by a severe folate deficiency or by bit B12 deficiency
microcytic anemia
a form of anemia manifested as the production of smaller than normal red blood cells containing insufficient hemoglobin, which reduces the red blood cell's ability to transport oxygen; it can result from iron deficiency or B6 deficiency.
pernicious anemia
a form of macrocytic anemia that is the primary cause of a vitamin B12 deficiency; occurs at the end stage of an autoimmune disorder that causes the loss of various cells in the stomach
meat factor
a special factor found in meat, fish and poultry that enhances the absorption of non-heme iron
folate-deficiency anemia
a state of serve folate depletion in which there is inadequate folate for a long enough time that the number of red blood cells has declined
hemosiderin
a storage form of iron found primarily in the intestinal mucosa, spleen bone marrow and liver. iron gets stored in this form when people eat too much iron
ferritin
a storage form of iron found primarily in the intestinal mucosa, spleen, bone marrow and liver. the normal storage form
metallothionein
a zinc-containing protein within the enterocyte; it assists win the regulation of zinc homeostasis.
how is zinc transported in the body?
absorbed from the lumen of the intestine and moves into the enterocyte. Then, it crosses the basolateral enterocyte membrane via a process of active transport
too much iron?
accidental iron overdose is highest cause of poisoning deaths in children. symptoms include nausea, diarreah, dizziness and confusion
What is the role of blood in maintaining health?
blood transports everything to our cells. trnsports nutrients and oxygen and removes waste products
what is the only fluid tissue in the body?
blood.
how can one aptomize absorption of non-heme iron?
by eating foods rich in heme iron or in combination of foods high in VIT C.
too little copper?
deficiency is rare but symptoms include anemia, reduced levels of white blood cells and osteoperosis in infants and growing children.
deficiency of zinc
deficiency is uncommon, occurs in places where people only consume grain foods. associated with growth retardation and delayed sex maturation
iron losses
every 3 to 6 days, the gut cells are shed and lost into the lumen of the intestine. In this way, the iron stored as ferritin within the enterocytes is returned to the lumen, from which it is lost in the feces. Iron can also be lost in the blood (period) sweat and semen.
what are the two storage forms that iron is capable for being stored as
ferritin and hemosiderin
what are the two most common forms of iron in our diet?
ferrous and ferric iron
plasma
fluid portion of the blood and is need ed to maintain adequate blood volume so that blood can flow easily throughout the body
Two types of iron
heme and non-heme
which is the most common deficiency in the world?
iron deficiency
function of iron
iron is involved in energy production,
Which mineral play role in maintaining blood health?
iron zinc and copper
zinc absorption is similar to which other absorption?
iron.
stage I: iron depletion
is caused by a decrease in iron stores, resulting in reduced levels of circulating ferritin in the blood. no physical symptoms
Obesity
lower ability of B and T cells to multiply in response to stimulation
How much iron should we consume?
men aged 19 yr + is 8 mg/d. Women aged 19-50 yrs is 18 mg/d. decreases to 8 mg/d when women are over 51. Why? because of the iron loss in the blood of the period
enzymatic function of zinc
more than 100 different enzymes in the body require zinc for their production
toxicity of zinc
no toxicity from foods, but can happen from supplements
non-heme
not part of hemogllobin or mygolobin. found in both plant-based and animal-based foods.
hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells, transports oxygen to tissues. hemoglobin molecule consists of four polypeptide chains studded with four iron-containing heme groups.
heme iron
part of hemoglobin and myoglobin. found only in animal based foods
antigens
parts of a molecule, usually large proteins, from microbes, toxins, or other substances that are recognized by immune cells and activate an immune response
zinc
positively charged trace mineral that, like iron, is found in very small amounts in the body. Most of zinc found in the body is concentrated in the muscles and bones.
Ethreocytes
red blood cells which transport oxygen
good sources of zinc
red meats, seafood, whole grains
transferrin
the transport protein for iron
iron
trace mineral found in very small amounts in the body. unique mineral with positive charge that could easily gain or lose electron.
Copper
trace mineral. required for number of enzymes that have oxidative functions
Vitamins critical to a strong immune system
vit A, C, E zinc, copper, iron, selenium
Total iron binding capaciity
when transferring has an increased ability to bind iron
leukocytes
white blood cells and protect us from infection and disease.
T cells
white blood cells that are of several varieties, including cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
plasma cells
white blood cells that have differentiated from activated V cells and produce millions of antibodies to an antigen during an infection
too much copper?
wilson's disease (liver damage)
structural function of zinc
zinc helps us maintain the structural integrity and shape of proteins (if proteins lose their shapes, they lose their function)
regulatory function of zinc
zinc is a regulator of gene expression, zinc helps turn genes on and off thus regulating the body functions of gene control. Zinc also plays a role in cell signaling and regulates the activity of other hormones like sex hormones and human growth hormones. critical for cell replication and normal growth
B cells
white blood cells that can become either antibody-producing plasma cells or memory cells
memory cells
white blood cells that recognize a particular antigen and circulate in the body, ready to respond if the antigen is encountered again. the purpose of vaccination is to create memory cells
How much zinc should we consume?
women and men 19+ is 11 mg/d, UL is 40 mg/d
What is Vit B6 essential for?
-synthesis of heme -formation of porphyrin rings that surround iron
Iron transport
Doesn't matter if its heme or non-heme, all absorbed iron is taken into the total iron pool.
Forroportin
an iron transporter that helps regulate intestinal iron absorption and the release of iron from the enterocyte into the general circulation.
myoglobin
an iron-containing protein similar to hemoglobin found in muscle cells
Platelets
cell fragments that assist in the formation of blood clots and help stop the bleeding
hemochoromatosis
characterized by excessive absorption of dietary iron and altered iron storage. iron then accumulates over the years and causes damage to organs
Which kind of iron is more absorbable?
heme iron
food sources of iron
heme iron: meat, poultry, fish and shellfish.
what accounts for 2/3 of the body's iron?
hemoglobin
what influences the absorption of non-heme iron?
stomach acid
storage and recycling of iron
stored iron gives the body access to iron to maintain health when intakes of dietary iron are low or losses are great. Because iron is stored in red blood cells and they die every 120 days as old red blood cells are broken down, the iron is recycled and returned to the body's iron pool.
immunocompetence
the bodys ability to adequately produce an effective immune response o an antigen
iron absorption
the change in the iron absorption rate is based on the amount of iron consumed, the amount needed by the body, and the dietary factors that affect absorption
Negative folate balance
the first stage of folate depletion in which the body has less folate available to it and serum levels of folate begin to decline
Heme
the iron containing molecule found in hemoglobin
vaccination
the method of administering a small amount of antigen to elicit an immune response for the purpose of developing memory cels that will protect against the disease at a later time
neural tube defects
the most common malformations of the central nervous system that occur during fetal development. A folate deficiency can cause neural tube defects
Folate depletion
the second stage of folate depletion in which both serum and red blood cell folate levels are low
specific immune function
the strongest defense against pathogens. it requires adaption of white blood cells that recognize antigens and that multiply to protect against the pathogens carrying those antigens; also called adaptive immunity or acquired immunity
folate-deficiency erythropoiesis
the third stage of folate depletion, in which body levels of folate are so low that the ability to make new red blood cells is impaired
How much Vit K should we consume?
AI=19^ is 120 ug/day
Hephaestin
a copper containing protein that oxidizes fe+ to fe3+ once iron is tranported across the basolateral membrane by ferroportin
Stage III: iron-deficiency anemia
a form of anemia that results from severe iron deficiency. the production of normal, healthy red blood cells has decreased.
cytotoxic T cells
activated T cells that kill infected body cells
helper T cells
activated T cells that secrete chemicals needed to activate other immune cells
what factors alter copper absorption and balance?
amount of copper absorbed is related to the amount of copper in the diet, (absoption decreases on high copper diets and increases on low copper diets) *same as iron and zinc*
How much Vit b6
1.3 mg/day
iron stores for women
300 to 1000 mg
iron stores for men
500 to 1500 mg
how much copper should we consume?
RDA: 900 micrograms/d UL: 10 micrograms/day
Vit K
fat-soluble vitamin important for bone and blood health. without Vit K blood does not clot propertly. liver does NOT store vitamin K. (new borns get shot of Vit k)
functions of copper
found as a component of ceruloplasmin, a protein that is critical for its transport. important for oxidation of ferrous to ferric acid (helps is iron metabolism) also functions as a cofactor in the metabolic pathways that produce energy, connective tissue collagen and part of superoxide dismutase.
nonspecific immune function
generalized body defense mechanisms that protect against the entry of foreign agents, such as microbes and allergens; also called innate immunity
storage site for zinc
has no storage site, instead a small exchangeable pool of zinc is found in the bone liver and blood.
antiserum
human or animal serum that contains antibodies to a particular antigen because of previous exposure to the disease or to a vaccine containing antigens from that infectious agent
which kinds of people have highest absorption rate?
people with poor iron status- people with iron deficiency, pregnant women and menstarating women.
factors that alter zinc digestion, absorption and balance
people with poor zinc status absorb more zinc than individuals with optimal zinc status. zinc absorption inreases during times of growth, zex development and pregancy.
What are primary forms of Vit k?
phylloquinones-found in green plants menaquinones-synthesized in intestine from bacteria
stage II: iron-deficiency erythropoiesis
second stage of iron deficiency which causes a decrease in the transport or iron. This stage is manifested by a reduction in the saturation of transferrin with iron. the iron binding sites on transferrin are left empty because there is no iron available for binding.
