Chap 3 Theories of Delinquency and intervention programs
Biological Theories
theories of abnormality that focus on biological causes of abnormal behaviors; determinism, biological determinism; Cesare Lombroso
Treatment Model/ Medical Model
this model considers criminal behavior as an illness to be treated; delinquency is also a disease subject to treatment; Criminal behavior as an illness to be treated delinquency is also a disease subject to treatment
Concentric zone hypothesis and delinquency
1900s Urbanization illuminated from the center of the city outward and such expansion caused some of the older inner-city neighborhoods to undergo a dramatic transition. Social scientist Ernest W purges in Robert E park defined a series of concentric zones around Chicago commencing with the core or the loop in downtown Chicago I'm progressing outboard away from the city center in a series of concentric rings
Subculture theory of delinquency Cohen 1955
A culture with in a culture where the use of violence in a certain social situations is common place and normative; Marvin Wolfgang and Frank Ferracuti Devised this concept to depict a set of norms a part from mainstream conventional society, in which the theme of the violence is persuasive and dominant; learned through socialization with others and alternative lifestyles. To understand why many juveniles behave as they do we must pay attention to the patterns of their particular subcultures. Middle and upper class children learn and inspired to achieve lofty ambitions and educational goals and receive support for these aspirations from their parents as well as predominately middle-class teachers, lower class youth are at a distinct disadvantage from the outset; When born into families where their primary familial role models have not attended high games themselves and where these aspiration and attainments may even be alien and rejected.
Consent decrees or consent orders
A formal agreement that involve children, their parents, and in the juvenile court in which youth are placed under the courts supervision without any official findings of delinquency with judicial approval; electronic monitoring as an alternative to incarceration and secure facility
Situational Action Theory (SAT)
A perspective on crime holding that criminal behavior is the result of human decision making based on personal morality when viewed within the context of the existing situation. SAT stresses the importance of moral interpretations over a person's ability to exercise self-control. Person-environment interaction.
Juvenile Mentoring Program (JUMP)
A program that places each participating at-risk youth in a one-on-one relationship with a favorable adult role model. Federally funded program administered by the office of general Justice and delinquency prevention; promotes bonding between an adult and your juvenile relieving on a one to one basis overtime; designed to improve school performance and decreased gang participation and delinquency.
balanced approach
A three-pronged goal of the juvenile justice system: (1) to protect the community, (2) to hold delinquent youths accountable, and (3) to provide treatment and positive role models.
secondary deviation
According to Edwin Lemert, following the act of primary deviation, secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly. A stage and labeling theory that suggests delinquency and violations of the law become part of self image in normal behavior rather than just occasional pranks.
Differential reinforcement theory
An attempt to explain crime as a type of learned behavior. First proposed by Akers in collaboration with Burgess in 1966, it is a version of the social learning view that employs differential association concepts as well as elements of psychological learning theory.; Explanation that combines elements of labeling theory and psychological phenomenon known as a conditioning; persons are rewarded for engaging in desirable behavior and punished for deviant conduct
Denial of Responsibility (Techniques of Neutralization)
Appeals based on one's home life, lack of affection, or social class; One of the five forms of neutralize Tatian; individuals suggest that their behavior or actions are the result of forces be on their control
social learning theory
Applied to criminal behavior theory stressing the importance of learning through modeling others who are criminal; criminal behavior is a function of copying or learning criminal conduct from others. Trumatic early childhood experiences may be important detriments of subsequent adult personality characteristics but the primary factors influencing whether one conforms to or deviates from societal rules are those experiences youth have while learning from others.
Big Brothers Big Sisters of America
BBBSA Federation of more than 500 agencies to serve children and adolescents; adults relate on a one-to-one basis with the youth to promote their self-esteem and self sufficiency; utilizes volunteers to attempt to instill responsibility, excellence, and leadership among assisted youth
Ectomorph
Body type described by Sheldon persons earth and sensitive or
Positivism
Branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and that suggests human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic factors
Determinism
Can't stop holding that persons do not have free will but rather are subject to the influence of various forces over which they have little or no control. Seek to associate criminal, delinquent, and deviant contact with biological, bio chemical, or genetic basis in a direct, casual relationship.
Looking Glass Self Theory
Charles Horton Cooley; Originated by Charles Horton Cooley in which persons learn appropriate ways of behaving by paying attention to how others view and react to them
Interstitial area
Concentric zone hypothesis, the area nearest the center of a city undergoing change, such as urban renewal; characterized by high rates of crime
Classical Theory
Criminal logical perspective emphasizing that people have free will to choose criminal or conventional behavior as a means of achieving their personal goals
Model program guide
Database of evidence-based programs which provides a continuum of strategies for delinquents prevention and intervention
Ceasare Beccaria (1738-1794)
Developed classical school of criminology; believed corporal punishment to be unjust and ineffective and that crime could be prevented by plain legal codes specifying prohibited behaviors and punishments; promoted "just desserts" philosophy; criminals are composed of those who have failed to Inculate societal values or respect for the common good
strain theory of deviance
Developed from anomie theory by Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton; anomie stresses the breakdown of societal strains on individual conduct; Merton elaborated by describing the emerging cultural imbalance between goals and norms of individual society; strain component is apparent, bc although many lower SES Who have adopted middle-class goals and aspirations, they may be unable to attain these goals as a result of their individual economic and cultural circumstances.
Psychological Theories
Explanations linking criminal behavior with mental states or conditions antisocial personality traits and early psychological and moral development;Focus on learning process, or the process whereby humans acquire language, self definitions, definitions of others, and sorted behavioral characteristics; Psychological Siri is inherently subjective and may be debated and Endlessly regarding its relative merits and explanatory effectiveness; cannot be inspected or investigated directly. Psychological theory stress the importance of early moral and cognitive development and later behaviors delinquency prevention programs have been designed for early interventions with youth at risk.
The Code of the Suburb (Jacques & Wright, 2013)
Ethnographic research conducted in in Atlanta suburb youth did not want to seem lame but rather as cool guys enjoyed a good time. Earning respect from peers these privileged adolescence would sell holistic products as a way of to offset cost of their own drug use but also to earn credibility as cool dudes with the ability to supply their friends. This gave them and attractiveness and likability that defined their status. In contrast to the inner-city youth described by Anderson the suburb youth avoided violence, and when caught by their parents were not reported to the police. Both groups seek status and follow their perspective codes and behaviors, because of their social and cultural capital The suburban you the eventually stopped dealing, go to college or university, and pursue traditional middle-class lifestyle.
Blueprints for healthy youth development
Evidence based programs for delinquency prevention and intervention
The sanctuary model
Evidence supported trauma informed care approach this is an affective model for creating a treatment environment that facilitate healing the wounds of psychological and social, teacher skills for developing and sustaining nonviolent lives
XYY Theory
Exclamation of criminal behavior suggesting that some criminals are born with an extra Y chromosome, characterized as the aggressive chromosome compared with passive X chromosome and extra Y chromosome produces greater agitation greater aggressiveness and criminal propensities; input from this additional aggressive chromosome is believed to be responsible, at least in some instances, for criminal behaviors among those observed to possess it. This chromosome combination exists in less than 5% of the population that it lacks sufficient predictive utility when considered on its own merits and can only explain a tiny fraction of crime among males and none among females
social control theory
Explanation of criminal behavior that focuses on control mechanisms, techniques, and strategies for regulating human behavior which leads to conformity or obedience to societies 12. The theory possesses that deviance results when social control our weekend or breaking down so that individuals are not motivated to conform
labeling theory
Explanation of deviant conduct attributed to Edwin Lemmert whereby persons acquire self definitions that are deviant or criminal; persons perceive themselves as deviant or criminal through labels applied to them by others; the more people are involved in the criminal justice system, the more they acquire self definitions consistent with the criminal label; sociological approach; Edwin lemert assume that no act is inherit Tivoli delinquent, that all persons at different points in time conform to or deviate from the law, a persons become delinquent through social labeling or definition, that being apprehended by the police begins a labeling process, that youth defined as a delinquent will acquire self definitions as delinquents and those defining themselves as delinquent will seek establish associations with others also defined as delinquent.
Containment Theory (Reckless)
Focuses on a youth's self image of being a good person; Explanation elaborated by Walter reckless and others that positive self image enables persons other wise disposed towards criminal behavior to avoid criminal conduct and conform to societal values; every person is a part of an external structure and has an internal structure providing defense protection and or insulation against peers such as delinquent; theoretical model consisting of pushes and pulls in relation to delinquency. I pushes he referred to internal, personal factors, including hostility, anxiety, and discontent. Pools he meant external social forces including delinquent subcultures and significant others. The containment dimension of his his theoretical scheme consisted of both outer and inner contaminants.; social norms : folkways, blowers, laws, and institutional arrangements and do societal conformity. Innercontaminants to an individual or personal coping strategies to deal with stressful situations and conflict. The key factor whether juveniles adopt delinquent behaviors, however is their level of self-esteem; those with high levels of self-esteem seem most resistant to delinquent behaviors if they are exposed to such conduct while around their friends.
Bonding Theory Founder
Hirschi; Notion that deviant behavior is controlled to the degree that group members feel morally bound to one another, are committed to common goals, and share collective conscience; bonding or social control theory: social control, attachment, commitment, belief, involvement
Neutralization Theory
Holds that delinquents experience guilt when involved in delinquent activities and that they respect leaders of legitimate social order; their delinquency is episodic rather than chronic and they adhere to conventional values while drifting into periods of illegal behavior; to drift the delinquent must first be neutralize legal and moral values
Id
Id is the uncontrolled I want component among all newborn infants. As infants mature to young children the aid is suppressed to a degree by the ego another personality component. The desire of immediate gratification. reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. Id dominates and seeks activities that will for fill the urges or needs it stimulates.
Code of the Street (Elijah Anderson)
Interpersonal violence of use in the context of their public life and social organization in the inner-city ghetto. Rules of order in la weekend, they were replaced by informal rules on the street that prescribed violence as a means to earn respect. Norms and values of lower-class youth that emphasize violence and respect. This identified street values that emerge to compensate for limited opportunities choose achieve conventional success and respect.
Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)
Italian physician who worked in prisons studied biological factors. He theorized that criminals stand out physically. Claimed they looked like our apelike ancestors. School of thought linked criminal behavior with abnormal, unusual physical characteristics.
hedonism
Jeremy Benthams term indicating that people avoid pain and pleasure; pursuit of pleasure was a primary motivator underline much social and personal action. Humans seek to acquire pleasure to avoid pain.
Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ)
Juvenile justice system model that emphasizes accountability, Public Safety, and confidence development
Classical School
Line of thought that assumes that people are rational beings who choose between good and evil; primary purposes of punishment are deterrence and just deserts; whatever punishment is imposed should be equivalent to or proportional and severity with the amount of social and physical damage caused by those found guilty of crimes. This fines or imprisonment were common penalties for those found guilty of property crimes in violent offenses. A statement about how various offenses should be punished to frustrate criminal conduct
belief
One element of social control theory; includes an understanding of respect for authority in the laws; also refers to the recognition of the rights of others and adherence to a common value system.
involvement
One element of social control theory; refers to the work, sports, school, and recreational activities that Nesset a large blocks of time and indicate that a person is engaged with the pursuits in the community
Denial of Injury (Techniques of Neutralization)
One of the five norms Refers: Defining stealing as "borrowing", drug abuse harms no one but the offender; offenders contending that their actions or behaviors did not really harm anyone and therefore they should not be blamed
Denial of Victim (Techniques of Neutralization)
One of the five norms refers to the offender suggesting that it is the victims previous behavior that is really responsible for the current act; the offender suggests that the victim somehow was asking for it
commitment
One of the four elements of social control theory; refers to the individuals investment in conventional society as evidenced by efforts directed toward academic expectations and success, reputation, career, and society
Primary deviation (labeling theory) Lemert
Part of the labeling process whenever youth engage occasional pranks and not especially serious violations of the law
Endomorph
Persons are fat soft plump jolly
rebellion
Persons seek to replace culturally approved schools and institutionalized means with new goals and beans for others to follow; Met up adaption suggesting by Robert Merton in which persons reject institutional means to achieve culturally approved schools and create their own goals and means to use and seek
Noninterventionist Model
Philosophy of juvenile delinquent treatment meaning the absence of any direct intervention with juveniles who have been taken into custody; labeling theory stresses that direct and in frequent contact with the juvenile justice and will cause this having contact with it to eventually to find them selves as delinquent. This definition of will prompt self definers to commit additional delinquent acts because such behaviors are expected to get those defined or stigmatized as such by others. Labeling theory advocates the removal of status offenders and other juveniles accused of non-serious offenses from the juvenile justice and or at least from the criminalizing influence and trappings of the juvenile court room. Applied only to those who intake officers believes they are unlikely to to reoffend.
atavism
Positivists school of thought arguing that a biological condition renders a person in capable of living with in the social constraints of society; the idea that physical characteristics can distinguish criminals from the general population and our evolutionary throwbacks to animals or primitive people
Labeling
Process whereby persons acquire self definitions that are deviant or criminal; process occurs through labels applied to them by others; Labeling stresses the definitions people have a delinquent acts rather than delinquency itself. Applied to delinquent conduct Lemmert his concerned with two primary questions 1) what is the process whereby youth become labeled as delinquent? 2)What is the influence of such labeling on the these youths' future behaviors?
Anomie theory of deviance/delinquency
Robert Martin's theory, influenced and by Emile Durkheim, alleging That person is acquire desires for cultural T approved goals to strive to achieve but adopt innovative, sometimes deviant, means to the chief these goals I.e. someone may desire a nice home but lack or reject the institutionalized means to achieve this goal and instead use bank robbery, and innovative means, to obtain money to realize the culturally approved goal; implies normal-lessness
Conformity
Robert Merton; Mode of adaption characterized by persons will except institutionalized means to achieve culturally approved to goals
innovation
Robert Merton; mode of adaption and which persons reject institutionalized means to achieve culturally approved goals; Instead, they engage in illegal acts, considered innovative, to achieve their goals
Positive School of Criminology
School of criminological thought emphasizing analysis of criminal behaviors through empirical indicators such as physical features compared with biochemical explanations; postulates that human behavior is a product of social biological psychological economic forces also known as Italian school
Social logical theories
Seares advanced thus far have related deviant, criminal, and/or delinquent behaviors to factors almost exclusively with an individual's. These theories have been described elsewhere as inside notions positivist with youth, Glandular malfunction, XYY Theory, Sociobiology, and low IQ, because they identify internal factors as casually important for explaining deviation of any kind.Realistically to regard these different perspectives as mutually overlapping rather than mutually exclusive. Socialogical theories of juvenile delinquency 1) concentric zone hypothesis 2) the subculture theory of delinquency 3) the anomie theory of delinquency 4) labeling theory 5) bonding theory 6) Agnews general strain theory
Psycho analytic theory
Sigmund creed theory of personality formation through that id, ego, and superego at various stages of childhood; maintains that early life experiences influence adult behavior. Stresses early childhood experiences as crucial for normal adult functioning to occur. Trumatic experiences may prevent proper ego or super ego development. Adults may develop neuroses or psychoses that may be traceable to bizarre childhood events or other Trumatic experiences; research on juvenile sex offender's for example has indicated that when compared to non-sex offenders, these youth tended to exhibit higher rates of social isolation, I history of maltreatment, prior violent victimization, and separation from one or both of their parents.
"Radical Non-intervention" (Schur)
Similar to do nothing policy of delinquency known intervention; radical non-intervention argues that many of the current approaches to delinquency are not only fundamentally and sound but also harmful to the youth whenever their applied radical non-intervention assumes the following 1) delinquent is not basically different from non-delinquent 2) most types of youthful misconduct are found within all Socio economic strata 3) primary target for delinquency policy should be neither individual nor the local community setting but rather the delinquency defining processes themselves
Differential Association Theory (Sutherland)
Some respect of cultural and outgrowth of cultural transmission theory; theory of deviance and criminality through associations with others who are deviant or criminal; theory includes die mentions of frequency, duration, priority, and intensity; persons become criminal or delinquent because of preponderance of learned definitions that are favorable to violating the law over learn definitions that are unfavorable to it
Just Deserts/Justice Model
Stresses offender accountability as a means to punish youthful center; use victim compensation plans, restitution, and community services as a way of making offenders pay for their offenses; philosophy that emphasizes punishment as a primary objective of sentencing, fixed sentences, abolition of parole, and and abandonment of the rehabilitative idea; rehabilitation is functional to the extent that offenders join rehabilitative programs voluntarily
Drift theory (*David Matza*)
Term denoting a state of limbo in which youth move in and out of delinquency and in which their lifestyles embrace both conventional and deviant values
ego
The ego is recognition of others and a respect of their rights and interest. Eventually higher level of moral development occurs through the super ego or conscience; Parent child relations are often cited as primary in the normal development of the ego and super ego therefore if some children lack control over their impulses and desires the blame is often placed on the parents for their failure to Inculcate these important inhibitors into the youths personality system.
Condemnation of the condemners
The offenders maintain that those who condemn their offense are doing so purely out of spite, or are shifting the blame off of themselves unfairly.; One of the five techniques; the actions or motives of the individuals who do not approve of their act questionable; the arm maturely single out the offender; rather than focus on the offender, the system should focus on the actors condemning the behavior
super ego (freud)
When children begin to feel guilty if they have deprive others of something wrongfully this is a manifestation of the super ego in action according to Froude. Eventually a little Beato which is a basic drive for sexual stimulation and gratification emerges as well. The onset of puberty is common event signaling the importance of the libido. Deviant behavior generally and criminal behavior and delinquency specifically may be explained as a result of insufficient ego and super ego development.
Judicial nonintervention
Use of minimal intervention in a use for behavior and environment to effect changes in behavior
biological determinism
View in criminology holding that criminal behavior has physiological basis, jeans, foods and food additives, hormones, and hereditary are all believed to play a role in determining individual behavior; genetic make up causes certain behaviors to become manifest, such as criminality.
Lower Class Focal Concerns Theory
Walter Miller used this term to refer to those aspects of sub culture that are important; these aspects required attention by members of the sub culture; lower class youth develop their own norms and values in response to their frustration and inability to chief middle-class schools. Six concerns or values that characterize lower-class youth: 1) trouble 2) toughness 3) smartness 4) excitement 5) fate 6) autonomy - Essentially being streetwise, seeking excitement by fighting, stealing, and using a drugs Being cool provided a way to establish identity and earn reputation for lower class youth.
Socio-Economic Status (SES)
a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality; Studies between the relation of SPS and delinquency have generally found more frequent, and more violent, types of juvenile conduct among youth of lower FCS while less frequent and less violent conduct has been exhibited by youth from families of hire as ES. Research also suggest that juveniles who are identified with lower SES seem more likely to do poorly in school compared to juveniles with higher SES. Lower SES youth leading to poor academic performance, growing antisocial behavior, and subsequent delinquent conduct. But does not pinpoint the true casual factors associated with their conduct in any predictive sense. Many lower SES youth adjust well to the academic work and refrain from delinquent activities. SES and delinquency is generally excepted, efforts to explain the dynamic effect of SES on delinquency suggest that economic problems which are more characteristic of lower SES youth are satiated with delinquency- Agnew et al 2007 ; research indicates that a degree and the extent of economic problems that youth are exposed to quality of housing, history family poverty, quality of education, and exposure to environmental hazards are important variables in the relationship and suggest a cumulative affect of lower SES conditions on delinquency. Interaction of having wanted luxury items maybe overwhelming when compared with the Mira promise that delayed gratification somehow will improve life at some distant and certain point of in the future; Proceeds from adolescent employment and parental loans may facilitate values and behaviors that divorce use from the responsibility of accompanying entrance into the adult world of economic relationships; innocence then parents and employers may be the economic agents responsible for subsidizing adolescence delinquency and Drug abuse.
rehabilitation model
a model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy; Concepts of youth management similar to medical model, in which juvenile delinquents are believed to be suffering from social and psychological handicaps; provides experiences to build self concept; these experiences stress educational and social remedies
Crime Control Model of Criminal Justice
a model of criminal justice in which the emphasis is on controlling crime, which may come at the expense of violating some individual rights; Criminal justice approach that emphasizes containment of dangerous offenders and societal protection; the way of controlling delinquency by incapacitating juvenile offenders through some secure detention or intensive supervision programs operated by community-based agencies
appeal to higher loyalties
a neutralization technique in which a youth who has committed a delinquent act justifies it on the basis of a higher calling or purpose; these loyalties are important and supersede any rules or laws that society imposes; offenders engage and asked to help their friends rather than to hurt someone else; their motives are altruistic
Anomie
a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness; condition of feelings of helplessness and normalnessless; most people usually adapted drastic changes in their lifestyles or patterns but if you may opt for suicide because they lack of social psychological means to cope with the strain of change
cultural transmission theory
a theory of deviant behavior that views deviance as a learned behavior transmitted through interaction with others; Explanation emphasizing transmission of criminal behavior through socialization; Views delinquency as socially learned behavior transmitted from one generation to the next in this organized urban areas
Routine activities theory RAT
a theory that examines the interaction of motivated offenders, capable guardians, and suitable targets as an explanation for crime, and which suggests that an individual's everyday activities contribute significantly to the likelihood of his or her criminal victimization
Ritualism (strain theory)
abandons society's goals but continues to conform to approved means; Mode of adoption suggest that by Robert Martin and which persons reject culturally approved Kohl's but work toward last circles through institutionalized means.
Multisystemic Therapy (MST)
addresses a variety of family, peer, and psychological problems by focusing on problem solving and communication skills training; blueprints for healthy youth development program that provides intensive family and community based treatment for managing delinquents with serious antisocial behavior
Modes of Adaption to Strain (5)
conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion; A way that a persons who occupy a particular social position adjust to cultural goals and deinstitutionalized means to reach those goals
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
disorder affecting babies whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while they were pregnant; includes physical learning and mental effects which can be long-term; intellectual functioning, slower physical development, and problems with psycho social skills. Impairments are impulsivity, hyperactivity, and learning disabilities. Although these conditions raise the risk for subsequent delinquent behavior, environmental factors also need to be considered. Research does, however, suggest a relationship between fetal alcohol syndrome and contact with the justice system.
due process of law
fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement. Treatment model based on the constitutional right to a fair trial, to have opportunity to be heard, to be aware of matters that are pending, to the presumption of innocence until guilty has been established beyond reasonable doubt, to make an informed choice whether to acquiesce or contest, and to provide the reasons for such a choice before a judicial officer
Mesomorph
muscular
Zone of transition
name given to the second ring of the concentric zone model, which surrounds the CBD, in the concentric zone model. This place typically contains industry and poor-quality housing; Nearest to the city center and undergoing rapid social change; believed to contain higher rates of crime and delinquency
fetal alcohol syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
Retreatism
reject goals and means; Motive adaption suggest by Robert Merton in which persons reject culturally approved schools and institutionalized means and do little or nothing to achieve; homeless persons, bag ladies, vagrants and others sometimes fit retreatist profile
Concentric zone hypothesis
series of rings originating from a city center and emanating outward, forming various zones characterized by different socioeconomic conditions; believed to contain areas of high delinquency and crime; Shaw & McKay explained delinquency in these transitional areas as likely attribute to bowl to a breakdown and family unity and persuasive social disorganization. Diverting explanations of delinquency away from biological explanations, such as genetics and physical abnormalities to more social logical explanations.
Sociobiology Scientific
study of casual relationships between genetic structure and social behavior; not necessarily biological veteran is him or positivism but demonstrates a gene environmental interaction that examines which factors matter in the equation of how genes and environment impact behaviors.
attachment theory
the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person's whole life; The most important element of social control theory; referred to identification with parents, teachers, and peers as well as attention to their opinions and sensitivity to their priorities; fosters conformity
