chap 7+10 APWH
In what ways did borrowing from abroad shape European Civilization after 1000?
Borrowing from abroad played a critical role in establishing a significant tradition of technological innovation that allowed Europe by 1500 to catch up with, and in some areas surpass, China and the Islamic world. A more efficient horse collar, which probably originated in China and or central Asia, contributed to European efforts to plow the heavy soils of northern Europe. Gunpowder from China, combined with cannons developed in Western Europe, gave Europeans a military edge over other civilizations. Improvements in shipbuilding and navigation techniques, including the magnetic compass and sternpost rudder from China and adaptations of the Arab lateen sail, enabled Europeans to build advanced ships for oceanic voyages.
In what respects did Byzantium continue the patterns of the classical Roman Empire? In what ways did it diverge from those patterns?
Continuance; Byzantium's roads, military structures, centralized administration, imperial courts, laws, and Christian organization, byzantine's long term struggle with the Persian Empire Diverged; Reformed administrative system gave appointed generals civil authority in the empire's provinces and allowed them to raise armies from the landowning peasants of the region, new ideas that defined the relationship between the state and the church
Why was Europe unable to achieve the kind of political unity that China experienced? What impact did this have on the subsequent history of Europe?
Geographic barriers, ethnic and linguistic diversity, and the shifting balances of power among Europe's many states prevented the emergence of a single European empire like China. As a result, European nations engaged in many conflicts and were unable to achieve domestic peace for many centuries.
What variations in the experience of African and Asian Christian communities can you identify?
In much of Eastern Arabia and Coastal Africa, the arrival of Islam led to widespread voluntary conversion of Christians to the Muslim faith. mostly, the surviving communities able to practice their religion with restrictions only on some activities. Christianity spread into China, Nubia, and Ethiopia (but only Ethiopia did it ultimately survive and thrive) In Egypt and Nubia, Christians experienced increased oppression from the 13th century which led to a decline in the Egyptian Coptic Church and the disappearance of the Nubian Church.
In what different ways did classical Greek philosophy and science have an impact in the West, in Byzantium, and in the Islamic world?
In the West after 1000, a belief in the ability of human reason to penetrate divine mysteries and to grasp the operation of the natural order took shape, and that in turn stimulated a renewed interest in Greek philosophy and science. European scholars obtained copies of Greek texts from both the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world. At first this new confidence in human reason was applied primarily to theology, but increasingly it was also applied to the scientific study of nature, known as "natural philosophy," which ultimately became a foundation for the Scientific Revolution. In Byzantium, scholars kept the classical tradition alive, but their primary interest lay in the humanities and theology rather than in the natural sciences and medicine. The Orthodox church had serious reservations about classical Greek learning, sometimes persecuting scholars, who were too enamored with the ancients. Those who studied Greek philosophy and science did so in a conservative spirit, concerned to preserve and transmit classical heritage rather than using it as a springboard for creating new knowledge. The Islamic world undertook a massive translation project in the ninth and tenth centuries that made Greek texts available in Arabic. This contributed to a flowering of Arabic scholarship, especially in the sciences and natural philosophy, between roughly 800-1200. But it also stimulated debate among Muslim thinkers about faith and reason. Unlike church authorities in Western Europe, learned opinion in the Islamic world did not come to regard natural philosophy as a wholly legitimate enterprise. Because of this, the ideas of Plato and Aristotle, while never completely disappearing, receded from Islamic scholarship after the 13th century, and natural philosophy did not become a central concern for islamic higher education as it did in Western Europe.
which of the following states had the greatest control over economic exchange within its borders?
Inca empire
How did links to Byzantium transform the new civilization of Kievan Rus?
Kievan Rus burrowed Byzantine architectural styles, the Cyrillic alphabet, the extensive use of icons, a monastic tradition stressing prayer and service, and political ideals of imperial control of the church
What lay behind the emergence of the Silk Road commerce, and what kept it going for so many centuries?
One important reason was the exchange of products of the forest and the semi-arid northern grasslands of inner Eurasia, which were controlled by pastoral peoples, for the agricultural products and manufactured goods of the warmer, more well-watered lands of outer Eurasia, including the Mediterranean, the Middle East, India, and China. Also important were the construction of second wave civilizations and their imperial states during the last 5 centuries BCE, Second wave civilizations invaded the territory of pastoral peoples, securing sections of the Silk Roads and providing security for the merchants and travelers. It kept going for so many centuries because it continued support of later states, including the Byzantine, Abbasid, and Mongol empires, which also benefited from trade. There was also an ongoing demand for hard to find luxury goods among elites across Eurasia.
How did Eastern Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman Catholicism?
Roman Catholicism; maintained some degree of independence from political authorities, used Latin in their religious practice, priests had to be clean shaven and weren't allowed to marry, used unleavened bread Eastern Orthodox (byzantine); the emperor assumed the head of state as well as the head of the church, used Greek in their religious practice, allowed priests to grow their beards long and they were able to marry, used leavened bread with yeast They disagreed on doctrinal issues, the Trinity, the importance of faith and reason and the veneration of Icons.
What was the impact of the Crusades in world history?
The Crusades marked an expansion of the influence of Western Christendom at the same time that Eastern Christendom and Byzantium were declining. They also stimulated the demand for Asian luxury goods in Europe and allowed Europeans to learn techniques for producing sugar on large plantations using slave labor, which had incalculable consequences in later centuries when Europeans transferred the plantation system to the Americas. Muslim scholarship, together with the Greek learning that it incorporated, flowed into Europe. The Crusades hardened cultural barriers between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism. Moreover, Christian anti-semitism was exacerbated. European empire building, especially in the Americas, continued the Crusading notion that "God wills it". The Crusades have also on many occasions proved politically or ideologically significant when the worlds of Europe and Islam have collided over the past two centuries.
How did the historical development of the Europen West differ from that of Byzantium in the third wave era?
Western Europe collapsed politically in the fifth century, whereas Byzantium survived as a single political entity until it conquest in 1453. The Byzantine emperor exerted greater control over the Orthodox Church than political authorities in Western Europe did over the Catholic Church.The Byzantine Empire maintained a prominent role in the long-distance trade networks of Eurasia throughout the period, whereas Western Europe's role declined precipitously following the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, only to reengage with those trade networks after 1000. After 1000, Western Europe's influence in the Mediterranean and in Eastern Europe expanded, while the influence of the Byzantine Empire contracted (especially in the Mediterranean basin) after 600.
How did the historical development of the European West differ from that of Byzantium in the third wave era?
Western Europe; collapsed politically in the fifth century, , Western Europe's role declined precipitously following the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, only to reengage with those trade networks after 1000. After 1000, Western Europe's influence in the Mediterranean and in Eastern Europe expanded, while the influence of the Byzantine Empire contracted (especially in the Mediterranean basin) after 600. The Byzantine emperor exerted greater control over the Orthodox Church than political authorities in Western Europe did over the Catholic Church. Byzantine Empire; survived as a single political entity until its conquest in 1453, maintained a prominent role in the long-distance trade networks of Eurasia throughout the period
What were the major economic, social, and cultural consequences of Silk Road commerce?
affected the cultivation of food crops, and it focused on producing silk, paper, porcelain, lacquerware and iron tools, individuals could benefit immensely from long distance trade, and it affected the lives of farmers
What accounted for the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Roads?
appealed to Indian merchants because they preferred its universal message which privileged high castes, inhabitants of Central Asia found a link to the larger, wealthier and prestigious civilization of India, buddhist merchants built monasteries which supported monks (to earn religious merit) and the merchants traveling could stay there and resupply.
Swahili civilization was influenced by which of the following cultures?
bantu
Which religion provided an element of cultural commonality for the East Asian region?
buddhism
the political structure of Swahili civilization was similar to the
competitive and independent city states of Ancient Greece
In what different ways did the history of Christianity and Christian civilizations unfold in various parts of the Afro Eurasian world during the third wave era?
contracted sharply in Asia and Africa but expanded in Western Europe and Russia. Christian Byzantium flourished for a time then gradually contracted and finally disappeared. The West; first contracting as the Roman Empire collapsed then later it expanded as a new and blended civilization which took hold in Western Europe.
which of the following was a consequence of the exchange of diseases along the Silk Road
europeans developed some immunity to Eurasian diseases
The trade conducted along the Silk Roads was largely a "relay trade" because
goods were passed down the line rather than being carried by one merchant
The spread of the Black Death from China to Europe in the fourteenth century occurred during an era of increased contact facilitated by
mongol rule
how did the spread of islam affect Indian Ocean commerce
muslim merchants and sailor established communities of traders from east Africa to the south china coast
What was the impact of disease along the Silk Roads?
people had little immunity and not many effective ways of handling it, and it could lead to deaths on a large scale. (ex; bubonic plague, anthrax, a package of epidemic diseases which swept away nearly 1/3 of the pop in Europe, China and the Middle East) the exchanges of diseases gave Europe the upper hand bc the Western people hadn't been exposed to those diseases before
the Byzantium empire adopted the
political ideas of imperial control of the church
In what ways was the Byzantine Empire linked to a wider world?
politically; Byzantium continued the long term Roman struggle with the Persian Empire, economically; was a central player in the long distance trade of Eurasia with commercial links to Western Europe, Russia, Central Asia, the islamic world and China culturally; Byzantine empire preserved a lot of Ancient Greek learning's and transmitted the classical heritage to the islamic world and the christian west. Their religious culture spread widely among the Slavic speaking ppl in Balkans and Russia
In what ways was European civilization changing after 1000?
population grew rapidly, towns grew and attracted new professional groupings that introduced a new and more productive division of labor, new lands were opened for cultivation, and long distance trade was revived and expanded Women found substantial new opportunities because of economic growth and urbanization, but by the 15th century, many of these opportunities were declining Territorial states grew in this period and established more effective institutions of government, commanding the loyalty or at least the obedience of their subjects. The Roman Catholic Church expanded the areas in which Roman Catholicism was practiced into Eastern Europe and Islamic Spain.
______ spread from China to the rest of Eurasia
printing
In what ways did long-distance commerce act as a motor of change in premodern world history?
provided the incentives and resources for the creation of larger more powerful states. It provided sustained contact through which cultural influences were also exchanged, as was the case with the spread of Buddhism and Islam. It facilitated the spread of epidemic diseases beyond local regions, with sometimes devastating effects. It resulted in the spread of plants and animals along with technological innovations. It altered consumption patterns. It encouraged specialization and diminished the economic self-sufficiency of local societies. Sometimes it was the means of social mobility, with traders often becoming a distinct social group.
women's lives were more restricted in the Song Dynasty because of
revival of confucianism
the Sahara desert held rich deposits of
salt
In the Song dynasty masculine identity was defined in terms of?
scholarship
Malay kingdom of Srivijaya had ____ trade, which funded an embryonic bureaucracy
spice
what was one characteristic of Indian cultural influence in Southeast Asia?
spread through the voluntary adoption and adaptation of Indian ideas
What replaced the Roman order in Western Europe?
the Roman order was replaced by a series of regional kingdoms ruled by Germanic warlords (maintained some Roman features, including written Roman law and the use of fines and penalties to provide order and justice) the Carolingian Empire and the empire of Otto I of Saxony (larger Germanic kingdoms) also had aspirations to re-create something of the unity of the Roman Empire although these kingdoms were short lived and unsuccessful in reviving anything approaching Roman Authority. In the West, a social system developed that was based on reciprocal ties between greater and lesser lords among the warrior elites, which replaced the Roman social structure. Roman slavery gave way to the practice of serfdom, and the Roman Catholic Church's social influence increased.
How did Buddhism change as it spread along the Silk Roads?
the gods of many people along the Silk Road were incorporated as bodhisattvas
the Tang and Song Dynasty were regarded as a "golden age" bc of
the setting standards of excellence in art and literature
How was the tribute system an expression of the Chinese view of themselves and their relationship to the world?
the tribute system required non Chinese to acknowledge Chinese superiority and their own subordinate place in a Chinese centered world order
What made silk such a highly desired commodity across Eurasia?
used as currency and as a means of accumulating wealth in Central Asia, symbol of high status in china and the byzantine empire, and it became associated with the sacred in the expanding world religions of Buddhism and Christianity.
disagreement over _______ helped cause the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox
veneration of icons