Chap.21 & 22

Respiratory minute volume

Can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known

Mouth

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

Stomach

Chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes takes place in the

Pepsinogen

Chief cells secrete

Myenteric plexus

Coordinates activity of the muscular layer

Mucus escalator

Beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the

Atelectasis

If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed

Residual volume

The amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation

Inspiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume

Right inguinal region

The cecum and the vermiform appendix are physically located in the

Pharynx

The common passageways shared by the respiratory and Digestive systems

Epiglottis

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing

Proteins

The enzyme pepsin digests

Pancreatic acini

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of

Secretin

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes and buffers

Amylase

the enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates

Mesentery

A double sheet of peritoneal membrane that suspends the visceral organs and carries nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels

Greater omentum

A fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera

Each terminal bronchioles the supplies air directly to

A single pulmonary lobule

Internal respiration

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as

Upper respiratory tract

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

Phonation

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal cords and produces

Anatomic dead space

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as

Alveolar ventilation

Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute

Cholecystokinin

An intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile

7

Approximately _____ liters of fluid are secreted and reabsorbed into the peritoneal cavity each day

Rectum

Approximately the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the

Incisors

Are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting and clipping

Cuspids

Are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing

Molars

Are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding

Functional residual capacity

Defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle

Alveolar sacs

Each of them forms a common chamber connected to several individual alveoli

Parotid gland

Empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar

Villi. Microvilli. Intestinal movements. Circular folds

Enhances the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine

Haustra

Expansively pouches of the colon

Blood air barrier

Gas exchange occurs across the blood air barrier

Functions of the nasal cavity include

Humidifying the air. Filtering the air. Trapping airborne particles.

2.5 cm, 15-20

The adult human trachea is about _______ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages

Dalton's law

In a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture

Central vein

In the center of a liver lobule there is a

Sphincters

In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called __________regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways

Pancreatic endocrine cells secrete

Insulin. Pancreatic polypeptide. Glucagon. Growth hormone- inhibiting hormone

Asthma

Is an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways

Tidal volume

Is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

It allows better conditioning of the inhaled air

Defecation reflex

It involves two positive feedback loops

Submucosa

Major layer of the digestive tract is a dense layer of irregular connective tissue that has large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Functions of the oral cavity

Mechanical processing. Lubrication. Digestion of carbohydrates. Analysis of material before swallowing.

Articulation

Modification of the sounds produced by the larynx is known as

Bicarbonate ions

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

Bound to hemoglobin

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

Gastric pits

Openings into gastric glands

The uvula is located

Posterior margin of the soft palate

Mass movements

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called

The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to

Provide adequate alveolar ventilation

Pulmonary ventilation

Refers to movement of air into and out of the lungs

Boyle's law

States that gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure

Henry's law

States that the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas

Enterogastric reflexes

Stimulate the contraction of the pyloric sphincter

Gastrin

Stimulates gastric secretion

Chronic

The "C" in COPD stands for

Plasticity. Tone

The ability of smooth muscle to contract over a wide range of lengths is called ____________while its normal background level of activity is known as___________

Fissures

The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called

Cystic fibrosis

The most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent

Apex

The most superior portion of the long is termed the

Hard palate

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

External nares

The openings to the nostrils are the

Body

The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the

Cerebral cortex

The physiological activities of the digestive system are not regulated by

Fundus

The portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the

Pylorus

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the

3 lobes. 2 lobes.

The right lung has ______ The left lung has ________

Both the hard palate and the soft palate

The roof of the oral cavity is formed by

Alveoli

The site of gas exchange within the lungs are the

Vestibule

The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called

emphysema

The surface area for gas exchange decreases. Alveoli collapse. Compliance increases. There is elevated pco2 in the blood

Thyroid cartilage

The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the

Larynx

The vocal folds are located within the

Peristalsis

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called.

Primary bronchi

What branches from the trachea

Gastric inhibitory peptide

Which digestive hormone is secreted when fats and carbohydrates, especially glucose, enter the small intestine

Large intestine

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials

Left lung

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch

3

____ pairs of salivary gland secrete into the oral cavity