chapt 13

Which significance level would minimize the probability of a Type I error? A. .25 B. .10 C. .05 D. .01

01

Alistair has obtained statistical significance in his study that examines the relationship between gender and voter preference. Which statement would Alistair NOT make? A. Male candidates receive more votes than female candidates. B. The null hypothesis is rejected. C. The research hypothesis is accepted. D. Female candidates are just as likely to receive votes as male candidates.

Female candidates are just as likely to receive votes as male candidates.

. Inferential statistics _____. A. are used to generally describe the data B. are used to make conclusions about the data C. focus mainly on scales of measurement D. focus mainly on standard deviations

are used to make conclusions about the data

The probability of making a Type II error increases when the: A. significance level is set very high. B. effect size is small. C. sample size is large. D. probability of a Type I error is high.

effect size is small.

Which of the following is the least accurate statement about the use of statistical tests? A. One of the goals is to allow one to make a decision about whether the obtained results are reliable. B. The likelihood of obtaining significant results increases with decreasing sample size. C. The significance level selected indicates how confident one wants to be when making a decision . D. One is most likely to obtain significant results when the effect size is large.

. The likelihood of obtaining significant results increases with decreasing sample size.

Statistically, significant results mean that the results are: A. very important. B. meaningless. C. likely to be due to chance differences between the groups. D. likely to be due to true differences between the groups.

. likely to be due to true differences between the groups.

_____ variance is the deviation of the individual scores in each group from their respective group means. A. Error B. Systematic C. Inferential D. Alpha

Error

Sean wants to test a hypothesis according to which the mean amount of sales dollars will vary between Oak Ridge, Oak Wood, and Oak Park shopping malls. The appropriate statistical test would be the _____. A. Mann-Whitney U B. t-test C. F-test D. Pearson r

F-test

Which of the following is used to determine whether the results held up if an experiment was conducted repeatedly, each time with a new sample? A. Descriptive statistics B. Inferential statistics C. The research hypothesis D. The null hypothesis

Inferential statistics

The appropriate statistical test for interval or ratio level data is the _____. A. t test B. Pearson correlation C. chi-square test D. F test

Pearson correlation

evy reports that individuals who follow her diet plan lose more weight than individuals who follow Jake's diet plan. In actuality, there is no difference in weight loss between those following Tevy's diet plan and those following Jake's diet plan. In this case, Tevy's claim illustrates a _____ error. A. Type IV B. Type III C. Type II D. Type I

Type I

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called a _____ error, whereas not rejecting a false null hypothesis when it is false is called a(n) _____ error. A. beta; alpha B. Type I; Type II C. minor; major D. significant; insignificant

Type I; Type II

A researcher studying the gender-based differences in the use of disciplinary practices predicted that men use power-oriented practices more frequently than women. In this case, the research hypothesis would suggest that: A. women use power-oriented practices more than men. B. men use power-oriented practices more than women. C. there is no difference between men and women in the use of disciplinary techniques. D. gender does not influence the kind of disciplinary practice used.

men use power-oriented practices more than women.

A consumer analyst asks participants to rate the comfort of the ride for two brands of all-terrain tires—Trail Cushion and Mud Handler. Trail Cushion is rated more comfortable with a mean of 5.5 than Mud Handler, which is found to have a mean of 4.3. The Type I error would be to conclude that Trail Cushion is: A. more comfortable than Mud Handler when a true difference in comfort exists. B. no more comfortable than Mud Handler when Trail Cushion is actually more comfortable. C. no more comfortable than Mud Handler when no difference in comfort exists. D. more comfortable than Mud Handler when the two tires are equally comfortable.

more comfortable than Mud Handler when the two tires are equally comfortable.

According to the _____ hypothesis, the independent variable has no effect. A. null B. research C. practical D. significant

null

If a researcher proposes that there is a difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and nonveterans, such a situation represents the _____ hypothesis. If the researcher proposes that there is no difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and non-veterans, such a situation represents the _____ hypothesis. A. null; research B. research; null C. inferential; descriptive D. descriptive; inferential

research; null

ll statistical techniques rely on _____ to determine the probability that the results are consistent with the null hypothesis. A. Type I errors B. Type II errors C. sampling distributions D. statistical significance

sampling distributions

The appropriate statistical test for nominal level data of two groups is the: A. t test. B. Pearson correlation. C. chi-square test. D. analysis of variance.

. t test.

A student is interested in the effect of environmental conditions on task performance. She makes participants complete a series of math problems under different conditions of temperature—cold, warm, and hot, and different noise conditions—quiet and noisy. The most appropriate test to analyze the data would be a(n) _____. A. t-test B. Pearson r C. chi-square D. F-test

F-test

Which statistical test would be most appropriate for examining the relationship between temperature and the number of ice cream cones sold? A. Chi-square test B. Analysis of variance C. t test D. Pearson correlation

Pearson correlation

Ethan concludes that there is no difference in the driving ability of drivers who have consumed one can of beer and those who have consumed three cans of beer. However, there actually is a difference in the driving ability of the drivers. In this case, Ethan has made a(n) _____ error. A. null B. alpha C. Type I D. Type II

Type II

Adrian found no significant difference in the amount of money spent on entertainment on those students who live on campus versus those who live off campus. Based on this finding, Adrian would: A. accept the null hypotheses. B. reject the null hypotheses. C. accept a Type I error. D. reject a Type I error.

accept the null hypotheses.

A Type II error occurs when one: A. rejects the null hypothesis when it is false. B. rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. C. accepts the null hypothesis when it is true. D. accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

. Before employing inferential statistics, Alberto selects the probability level required for statistical significance. This level is referred to as the _____ of the test. A. null hypothesis B. research hypothesis C. intuitive level D. alpha level

alpha level

When a researcher _____ the probability of making a Type I error, he or she _____ the probability of making a Type II error. A. increases; increases B. decreases; increases C. decreases; decreases D. decreases; does not affect

decreases; increases

When comparing two group means, the _____ refers to the number of scores free to vary once the means are known. A. null hypothesis B. research hypothesis C. statistical significance D. degree of freedom

degree of freedom

Dr. Afzal finds that students who work less than 10 hours a week have significantly higher test scores than students who work more than 10 hours a week. In order to determine the magnitude of the effect of work hours on test scores, he should calculate an estimate of the _____. A. critical value B. effect size C. null effect D. halo effect

effect size

When examining the strength of the relationship between study time and test score, the null hypothesis would suggest that the true population correlation is: A. greater than 0.00. B. less than 0.00. C. equal to 0.00. D. 1.00.

equal to 0.00

The expected value of t under the null hypothesis _____. A. equals 1 B. equals 0 C. depends on the degrees of freedom D. varies depending on the alpha level

equals 0

Which of the following statements is true of a null hypothesis? A. The population means are not equal. B. The difference in means is not due to random error. C. The mean of the experimental group is not equal to the mean of the control group. D. The mean of the placebo treatment is equal to the mean of the experimental treatment group.

he mean of the placebo treatment is equal to the mean of the experimental treatment group.

The research hypothesis states that the: A. independent variable has no effect. B. independent variable has an effect. C. dependent variable has no effect . D. dependent variable has an effect.

independent variable has an effect.

A researcher employs inferential statistics to examine the difference in mean scores obtained by fourth grade boys and girls in a standardized math test. In this case, inferential statistics: A. summarize and describe the important characteristics of the data. B. test the research hypothesis. C. indicate the strength of the relationship between the math scores of boys and girls. D. indicate the probability that the difference between means reflect random error.

indicate the probability that the difference between means reflect random error.

Aden finds that, on an average, men have higher starting salaries than women. In order to conclude that the differences in starting salaries are true differences and not a result of random error, Aden would employ the use of _____ statistics. A. qualitative B. descriptive C. inferential D. ordinal

inferential

Arafa has collected data on the relationship between physical attractiveness and judgments of personality characteristics. In order to determine if the results obtained from the sample are representative of the population, Arafa will need to employ _____ statistics. A. qualitative B. descriptive C. inferential D. ordinal

inferential

The null hypothesis: A. is used because it is a very precise statement. B. is rejected when there is a high probability that the obtained results are due to random error. C. does not allow one to know the probability of the outcome of the study occurring. D. states that the independent variable did have an effect.

is used because it is a very precise statement.

A consumer analyst asks participants to rate the health benefits of two health drinks—EnerG and Supreme. EnerG is rated more nutritive with a mean of 5.5 than Supreme, which is found to have a mean of 4.3. The Type II error would be to conclude that EnerG is: A. more nutritious than Supreme when a true difference in health benefits exists. B. no more nutritious than Supreme when EnerG actually provides more health benefits. C. no more nutritious than Supreme when no difference in health benefits exists. D. more nutritious than Supreme when the two brands provide similar health benefits.

no more nutritious than Supreme when EnerG actually provides more health benefits.

The sampling distribution is based on the assumption that the _____ hypothesis is _____. A. null; true B. null; false C. research; true D. research; confounded

null; true

A researcher wants to test a hypothesis according to which the mean rating of guilt will be higher for unattractive defendants than for attractive defendants. The appropriate statistical test would be the _____. A. Pearson r B. two-tailed t-test C. one-tailed t-test D. chi-square

one-tailed t-test

With three independent variables and a single dependent variable, the most appropriate statistical test for analyzing the data would be the _____. A. chi-square test B. one-way analysis of variance C. t test D. Pearson correlation

one-way analysis of variance

A desired probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is the _____. A. Type I error B. Type II error C. effect size of the test D. power of the test

power of the test

. The likelihood of the occurrence of some event or outcome is referred to as: A. reactivity. B. reliability. C. variability. D. probability.

probability.

When testing the differences between means, the null hypothesis suggests that any observed difference is due to _____. A. manipulation B. systematic variance C. error variance D. random error

random error

According to her statistical analysis, an investigator found that significantly more men than women used punishment to discipline their children. Thus, the investigator would: A. accept the null hypothesis. B. reject the null hypothesis. C. make a Type II error. D. make a Type I error.

reject the null hypothesis.

A Type I error occurs when one: A. rejects the null hypothesis when it is false. B. rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. C. accepts the null hypothesis when it is true. D. accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

rejects the null hypothesis when it is true.

When testing the differences between means, the _____ hypothesis suggests that population means are not equal. A. null B. research C. practical D. significant

research

A _____ result is one that has a very low probability of occurring if the population means are equal. A. simplistic B. significant C. specifiable D. systematic

significant

The larger the F ratio, the more likely the results are _____. A. significant B. invalid C. dissimilar D. manipulated

significant

All statistical techniques rely on _____ to determine the probability that the results are consistent with the null hypothesis. A. Type I errors B. Type II errors C. sampling distributions D. statistical significance

statistical significance

A researcher wants to know if cholesterol levels are lower in vegetarians or nonvegetarians. Which statistical test would be most appropriate for this data? A. Chi-square test B. Analysis of variance C. t test D. Pearson correlation

t test

The _____ is commonly used to examine whether two groups are significantly different from each other. A. t test B. Mann-Whitney U test C. Chi-square test D. r test

t test

The null hypothesis is rejected whenever: A. past studies prove it wrong. B. there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error. C. the independent variable fails to have an effect on the dependent variable. D. the researcher is convinced that the variable is ineffective in causing changes in behavior.

there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error.

A one-tailed statistical test is used when: A. the data are from a ratio scale. B. the data are from an ordinal scale. C. there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups. D. there is no prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups

there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups.

A researcher assesses the length of the prison sentence for physically attractive and physically unattractive defendants. He believes that attractive defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than unattractive defendants. The null hypothesis would suggest that: A. there is no difference in the length of the prison sentence received by attractive and unattractive defendants. B. physically attractive defendants will receive longer prison sentences than physically unattractive defendants. C. physically attractive defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than physically unattractive defendants. D. some other variable such as gender is responsible for the difference in the length of prison sentence.

there is no difference in the length of the prison sentence received by attractive and unattractive defendants.

When comparing the differences in the ratings of responsibility for an automobile accident between male and female drivers, the null hypothesis would suggest that: A. women are more responsible drivers than men. B. there is no difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers. C. men are more responsible drivers than women. D. there is a difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers.

there is no difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers