Chapter 1-6 Quizzes, Exam
About [blank] of local police officers are members of racial or ethnic minorities. A.27 percent B.51 percent C.2 percent D.12 percent
A.27 percent
According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the top layer represent? A.serious felonies B.misdemeanors C.celebrated cases D.less-serious felonies
C.celebrated cases
This is an action taken by a person or a group of people that violates the rules of society to the point that someone is harmed or society's interests are harmed. A.socialization B.speeding C.crime D.plea bargaining
C.crime
This criminal justice model describes the expectation of an efficient criminal justice system. A.due process model B.war-on-crime model C.crime control model D.justice model
C.crime control model
Which is not a method or device that police use to conduct surveillance on the public? A.microphones set up throughout a jurisdiction or city B.drones C.dogs D.cell-phone trackers
C.dogs
Which is not a key element of the policeman's working personality? A.solidarity B.danger C.social inclusion D.symbolic assailant
C.social inclusion
This kind of crime includes interpersonal violence and property crime. A.sensational crime B.organized crime C.street crime D.white-collar crime
C.street crime
In 1972, this commission released its report on New York City police corruption. A.the Rand Commission B.the Wickersham Commission C.the Knapp Commission D.the Warren Commission
C.the Knapp Commission
Women make up only about [blank] percent of the total number of officers in local law enforcement. A.27 B.2 C.51 D.12
D.12
In what year was the first law enforcement officer feloniously killed in the line of duty in the United States? A.1922 B.1902 C.1892 D.1792
D.1792
This is designed to gather data on each criminal act even if several acts are committed within the same complex of behavior. A.National Incident-Based Reporting System B.Uniform Crime Reports C.Part II Offenses D.FBI's 10 Most Wanted
A.National Incident-Based Reporting System
The militarization of the police and the war-on-crime analogy are most apparent in these divisions of law enforcement agencies. A.SWAT teams B.DARE teams C.SORT teams D.K-9 teams
A.SWAT teams
Why does the National Crime Victimization Survey not account for successfully completed drug transactions? A.The buyers do not consider themselves crime victims B.The hierarchy rule C.Because the Uniform Crime Reports already records them as crime D.all of the above
A.The buyers do not consider themselves crime victims
This annual FBI publication uses data from participating U.S. law enforcement agencies to summarize the incidence and rate of reported crime. A.Uniform Crime Reports B.National Incident-Based Reporting System C.Ten Most Wanted List D.Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted
A.Uniform Crime Reports
What is the number of Crime Index offenses divided by the population of an area called? A.crime rate B.Uniform Crime Reports C.clearance rate D.Part I Offenses
A.crime rate
This social institution controls crime by detecting, detaining, adjudicating, and punishing and/or rehabilitating people who break the law. A.criminal justice B.law enforcement C.criminology D.law
A.criminal justice
Unlike many occupations, the threat of physical injury or death in policing is a [blank] possibility. A.daily B.monthly C.yearly D.rare
A.daily
Police officers, prosecutors, judges, and corrections officials use this to decide what happens to individual cases. A.discretion B.warrants C.laws D.statutes
A.discretion
This criminal justice model describes the expectation of a just and fair criminal justice system. A.due process model B.rehabilitative model C.crime control model D.retributive model
A.due process model
Which is a strategy to evaluate and control police officers' use of force? A.ethics education B.the use of body cameras C.encourage members of the community to sue D.immediately fire offending officers
A.ethics education
Mens rea means "[blank]." A.guilty mind B.not guilty C.guilty deed D.an eye for an eye
A.guilty mind
In this form of theft, an offender takes possessions that do not belong to him or her with the intent of keeping them. A.larceny B.robbery C.burglary D.all of the above
A.larceny
This is the murder of three or more people in a single incident. A.mass murder B.larceny C.serial murder D.group murder
A.mass murder
Which is not an aspect of policing that is associated with the risk of suicidal ideation (thinking about suicide)? A.mindfulness B.alcohol use/abuse C.trauma from critical incidents D.shift work
A.mindfulness
The suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community. A.probation B.jail C.parole D.retribution
A.probation
This type of law prescribes the methods for the enforcement and use of the law. A.procedural B.civil C.substantive D.criminal
A.procedural
According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the second layer represent? A.serious felonies B.celebrated cases C.misdemeanors D.less-serious felonies
A.serious felonies
This is the use or threat of violence against a state or other political entity in order to coerce. A.terrorism B.feudalism C.war D.crime
A.terrorism
For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often called this. A.the second victimization B.the first victimization C.the prime victimization D.all of the above
A.the second victimization
Criminologists use this term to refer to instances wherein a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict. A.victim precipitation B.group violence C.instrumental violence D.chronic offender
A.victim precipitation
After the trial of James Holmes, who opened fire on an Aurora, Colorado, movie theater in July 2012, about 100 family members of the victims spoke in court about how the crime affected them. Which term best relates to this activity? A.victim-impact statement B.bench trial C.acquittal D.probable cause
A.victim-impact statement
How does the FBI classify murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault? A.violent crimes B.sensational crimes C.Part II Offenses D.crimes against humanity
A.violent crimes
According to one study, what was the percentage of hate crimes committed by perpetrators who were strongly committed to bigotry? A.25 percent B.1 percent C.8 percent D.66 percent
B.1 percent
Which is a reason that some law enforcement administrators believe that body-worn cameras are useful? A.Cameras encourage confrontations because the individuals who are being recorded want to be on Youtube. B.Cameras strengthen police accountability by documenting encounters between officers and the public. C.Recordings help administrators conceal internal agency problems. D.all of the above
B.Cameras strengthen police accountability by documenting encounters between officers and the public.
Which is not a reason that a victim would not report an offense? A.The victim fears reprisal. B.The victim may have committed the offense. C.An offense may not be perceived as such. D.The victim may not know the offense happened.
B.The victim may have committed the offense.
This is the most extensive and useful measure of crime that is available. A.self-report studies B.Uniform Crime Reports C.victimization surveys D.dark figure of crime
B.Uniform Crime Reports
To administer a legal process of judging and to pronounce a judgment. A.probate B.adjudicate C.arrest D.parole
B.adjudicate
This type of law comes from judicial decisions and requires judges to consider how previous cases dealt with similar issues. A.civil law B.case law C.tort law D.criminal law
B.case law
These are offenses committed by a corporation's officers who pursue illegal activity in the corporation's name. A.hate crime B.corporate crime C.white-collar crime D.organized crime
B.corporate crime
Actus reus, mens rea, and concurrence constitute this. A."guilty deed" B.corpus delicti C.an inchoate offense D.stare decisis
B.corpus delicti
This term refers to the multiple outsider status of women and minority police officers. A.double role B.double marginality C.double inclusion D.double standard
B.double marginality
These offenses are punishable by more than a year in a state prison. A.white-collar crimes B.felonies C.misdemeanors D.capital crimes
B.felonies
Children in this age range account for the highest percentage of child abuse and neglect victims. A.from age 10 to age 14 B.from birth to age 3 C.from age 15 to age 18 D.from age 4 to age 9
B.from birth to age 3
This slang term described police officers who accepted bribes but did not actively pursue them. A.coppers B.grass-eaters C.meat-eaters D.dropsies
B.grass-eaters
An example of this type of offense is conspiracy. A.terrorism B.inchoate offense C.sensational crime D.misdemeanor
B.inchoate offense
The protection of this is an integral part of the functioning of law enforcement. A.personal feelings B.individual rights C.social location D.an efficient criminal justice system
B.individual rights
This is the administration of a punishment or reward in accordance with morals that a given society considers correct. A.sentence B.justice C.social control D.discretion
B.justice
This term refers to the mindset of police who must deal with danger, authority, isolation, and suspicion while appearing to be efficient. A.broken windows B.policeman's working personality C.restorative justice D.zero-tolerance
B.policeman's working personality
According to Black's Law Dictionary this is, "The entire population of a county above the age of 15, which a sheriff may summon to his assistance in certain cases as to aid him in keeping the peace, in pursuing and arresting felons, etc." A.use of force B.posse comitatus C.stare decisis D.National Guard Act
B.posse comitatus
These offenses include drug use, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, prostitution, and some forms of gambling. A.felonies B.public-order crime C.property crime D.violent crime
B.public-order crime
The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear. A.burglary B.robbery C.larceny-theft D.all of the above
B.robbery
In a high school class, a researcher hands out questionnaires that ask the students to identify any criminal offenses they have committed. Which term best describes this type of research? A.victimization survey B.self-report study C.arraignment D.UCR study
B.self-report study
C. Wright Mills urges the use of this to examine issues while removed from our social location. A.socialization B.sociological imagination C.Uniform Crime Report D.plea bargain
B.sociological imagination
Behaviors that are deemed undesirable because they offend community standards rather than directly harm people or property. A.property crime B.victimless crime C.white-collar crime D.misdemeanors
B.victimless crime
What is the name of the program by which the government provides surplus military equipment to state and local law enforcement agencies? A.LOLOL B.1337 C.1033 D.11:11
C.1033
In 2015, Yakima, Washington, with a population of 249,480, reported 8,825 property offenses. What was the property crime rate? A.28 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants B..03 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants C.3,537 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants D.2,201 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
C.3,537 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
Four factors challenge the transition to greater cooperation among law enforcement agencies. Which is not one of these? A.There is no independent authority to develop and train personnel in interagency cooperation. B.There is no formal, comprehensive concept of coordination for either routine or crisis situations. C.All individual agencies organize their policies and operations in exactly the same way. D.Personnel policies focus on developing personnel who are primarily dedicated to the individual agency rather than the community of agencies.
C.All individual agencies organize their policies and operations in exactly the same way.
According to the [blank] Amendment, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury . . ." A.Fourth B.Eighth C.Fifth D.Sixth
C.Fifth
Which is not one of the six arguments that can be employed in the defense against a criminal indictment? A.My client did it for a good reason. B.My client did it but is insane. C.My client did it. D.My client did not do it.
C.My client did it.
The first time that people of color worked as police officers in the U.S. was in 1805 in this city. A.New York City B.Atlanta C.New Orleans D.San Francisco
C.New Orleans
How has police militarization affected the nature of law enforcement? A.It has improved relations between the police and the community. B.Private policing has decreased. C.Police identity has been reoriented from community-policing practices. D.all of the above
C.Police identity has been reoriented from community-policing practices.
According to this case, deadly force may only be used if a suspect poses a threat to the lives of police officers or bystanders. A.Gideon v. Wainwright B.Furman v. Georgia C.Tennessee v. Garner D.Chimel v. California
C.Tennessee v. Garner
Sutton breaks into a house when the owner is away and looks for valuable items to steal. However, he does not find anything worth taking and leaves. The owner returns later and does not notice anything amiss, nor even realize that the house was entered. How will Sutton's offense be recorded? A.The offense will be recorded in the National Crime Victimization Survey as a victimization. B.The offense will be recorded in the Uniform Crime Reports as a burglary. C.The offense will not be recorded; it is part of the dark figure of crime. D.all of the above
C.The offense will not be recorded; it is part of the dark figure of crime.
According to Christie, which is not one of the six attributes typically associated with the idea of an innocent victim? A.The victim is weak in relation to the offender. B.The victim is minding his or her own business. C.The victim and perpetrator know each other. D.The victim is blameless.
C.The victim and perpetrator know each other.
How many offenses are never reported to police? A.about one-third B.about 80 percent C.about half D.about ten percent
C.about half
Which is a way that narcotics law enforcement can invite police corruption, according to Manning and Redlinger? A.using sting operations B.making arrests C.arrogation of seized property D.none of the above
C.arrogation of seized property
Most definitions of victim precipitation assert this. A.The victim acted first during the course of the offense. B.The victim instigated the commission of the offense. C.both a and b. D.neither a nor b
C.both a and b.
Which is not included in the typical definition of elder abuse? A.trust between the victim and someone known to the victim is violated B.the victim is vulnerable C.the victim is not dependent on a caregiver D.a victim who is over the age of 60
C.the victim is not dependent on a caregiver
This type of law covers personal wrongs and damage and includes libel, slander, assault, trespass, and negligence. A.criminal law7 B.substantive law C.tort law D.civil law
C.tort law
Which choice best describes the sources of error in the Uniform Crime Reports? A.correct and incorrect B.unintentional and forced C.unintentional and intentional D.accidental and forced
C.unintentional and intentional
According to the International Association of Chiefs of Police this is "the amount of effort required by police to compel compliance from an unwilling subject." A.posse comitatus B.double marginality C.use of force D.compliance compulsion
C.use of force
Deborah's cell phone is stolen from her bag. Later, a census taker interviews her about the incident. Which term best describes this type of research? A.National Incident-Based Reporting System survey B.self-report study C.victimization survey D.UCR study
C.victimization survey
This criminal offense is committed during the course of business for financial gain. A.organized crime B.property crime C.white-collar crime D.street crime
C.white-collar crime
Which of the following is what we know with substantial confidence about police use of force? A.The effect of differences in police organizations B.Use of force appears to be unrelated to an officer's personal characteristics C.Police use force infrequently D.The incidence of wrongful use of force
Cpoliceuseforceinfrequently
What job-related problems might a police officer's family experience? A.the dangers associated with police work B.a change in the officer's personality C.isolation of the officer D.all of the above
D all of the above
In 2015, Albuquerque, N.M., with a population of 905,803, reported 7,179 violent criminal offenses. What was the violent crime rate? A.7 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants B.126 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants C.650 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants D.793 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
D.793 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
Which group of people is not included in considerations of victimization? A.the victims B.the families of victims C.victims' communities D.All of the above may be included.
D.All of the above may be included.
This is useful for generating leads in cases in which biological evidence is recovered from a crime scene. A.NODIS B.INDIS C.TETRIS D.CODIS
D.CODIS
Which is not a strategy to reduce police stress? A.Increase the use of community policing. B.Ensure that officers are getting enough sleep. C.Make unattractive shifts more desirable for officers by increasing pay. D.Increase the paramilitary focus of the police.
D.Increase the paramilitary focus of the police.
Why is it difficult to measure white-collar and corporate crime? A.Because the National Incident-Based Reporting System primarily reflects environmental crime. B.Corporations over-report white-collar offenses perpetrated against them. C.White-collar and corporate crime typically fall within state jurisdiction. D.Much of the investigation and regulation of corporate and white-collar crime is not done by law enforcement.
D.Much of the investigation and regulation of corporate and white-collar crime is not done by law enforcement.
Which were two of the primary arguments against encouraging women to be police officers? A.Women were not physically strong enough and would be unable to wear the uniforms. B.Women were not physically strong enough and could not properly shoot guns. C.Women were not physically strong enough and could not handle the stress of police work. D.Women were not physically strong enough and brought different psychological attributes to police work.
D.Women were not physically strong enough and brought different psychological attributes to police work.
How is excessive use of force by the police problematic? A.legal liability B.physical injury or death C.loss of citizen respect D.all of the above
D.all of the above
In society, which of the following dictates what is acceptable and what is punishable? A.rules B.laws C.folkways D.all of the above
D.all of the above
Laws must be [blank]. A.published in the criminal code B.enacted by the legislature C.enforced in a fair and evenhanded manner by the authorities D.all of the above
D.all of the above
Many offenses that enter the system are systematically excluded for several reasons, which include the following: A.cost B.discretion C.errors D.all of the above
D.all of the above
Research has shown that children who are physically abused are at a greater risk for this. A.mental illness B.homelessness C.crime D.all of the above
D.all of the above
The advantage of the NIBRS over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify [blank]. A.the characteristics of victims and perpetrators B.when and where an offense takes place C.the form of an offense D.all of the above
D.all of the above
The expectation of how much and what type of force an officer will use in a given situation varies according to several factors. Which is one of these factors? A.time of day B.whether the officer is alone or working with a partner C.the size and sex of the suspect D.all of the above
D.all of the above
Which is a logistical obstacle to measuring crime effectively and efficiently? A.problems of definition B.problems of resources C.problems of politics D.all of the above
D.all of the above
Which is one of the three criteria used to determine what behaviors are made criminal? A.the effects of the law B.the existence of other means to protect society from undesirable behavior C.the enforceability of the law D.all of the above
D.all of the above
Which of the following is an important actor in a criminal offense? A.the victim B.the perpetrator C.the criminal justice system D.all of the above
D.all of the above
Which part of the crime picture do the UCR, self-report studies, and victimization studies tend to miss? A.corporate crime B.drug sales C.organized crime D.all of the above
D.all of the above
After searching a suspect who matches a description of a robber and finding a loaded handgun, Officer Cerezo handcuffs the suspect, reads him his rights, and drives him to the station to be placed in a holding cell. Which term best describes this activity? A.stop B.deterrence C.frisk D.arrest
D.arrest
This slang term described officers who actively sought situations that could produce financial gain. A.bobbies B.grass-eaters C.flaking D.meat-eaters
D.meat-eaters
This minor criminal offense is punishable by a fine and/or jail time for up to one year. A.rape B.felony C.murder D.misdemeanor
D.misdemeanor
This is a state or federal institution that confines people convicted of crime who are serving sentences for longer than a year. A.stockade B.jail C.institution D.prison
D.prison
How does the FBI currently classify arson? A.UCR Part II Offense B.violent crime C.NIBRS Group B Offense D.property crime
D.property crime
A SWAT team is not likely to do this. A.rescue hostages B.provide security for visiting dignitaries C.protect police officers engaged in crowd control D.run routine DUI checkpoints
D.run routine DUI checkpoints
This consists of the rules, habits, and customs a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms. A.sociological imagination B.justice C.crime control model D.social control
D.social control
This type of offense tends to involve offenses in which the public's welfare is at issue. A.civil offense B.inchoate offense C.status offense D.strict liability
D.strict liability