Chapter 1
Reasons why life expectancy has increased by 30 years in the last century..
- Improvements in sanitation - Better nutrition - Improvements in medicine
4 Methods of Data Collection
- Physiological measures - Case Studies - Observation - Surveys and interviews
Cognitive theories of development
- Piaget's developmental theory - Information-processing theory - Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
Abilities of a child in the preoperational stage, according to Piaget
- engaging symbolic thought - making a drawing to represent a car - representing the world with speech
5 components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
- exosystem - mesosystem - macrosystem - chronosystem - microsystem
Characteristics of the late adulthood period of development
- it begins when people are aging into their 60s or 70s - it lasts until death - it may involve new social roles and decreasing strength and health
Criticisms of Freud's psychosexual theory
- it is too negative - it overemphasizes sexuality - it lacks scientific backing
Aspects of the life-span perspective of development
- lifelong - multidirectional - multidimensional
Reasons why happiness increases as people age
- older people have years of experience in problem-solving - older people have better relationships - there is less pressure to achieve for older people
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
- organization and adaptation are important - consists of four stages
Key factors in Bandura's social cognitive model
- person/cognition - environment - behavior
Baltes and his colleagues hypothesize that mastery of life involves conflict and competition among what goals of human development?
- regulation of loss - growth - maintenance
Main issues that impact how we look at development
- stability and change - nature vs burture - continuity vs discontinuity
What happens at each developmental stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory?
- there is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential - there is a crisis that must be resolved
Reasons that research is done in life-span development
- to develop new theories - to test theories of development - to test hypotheses
Examples of biological processes that affect development
- weight gain - cardiovascular decline - hormonal changes of puberty - genes inherited from parents - brain development
Steps in Scientific Method
1. Conceptualize a problem 2. Collect research data 3. Analyze Data 4. Draw conclusions
The upper boundary of the human life span (based on the oldest age documented) is ________ years.
122
_________ age refers to the number of years that one has lived since birth
Chronological
_______ period is when a certain developmental process needs to take place or else it will not occur
Critical
________ encompasses the behavior patterns, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed from generation to generation
Culture
Key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory
Culture and Social interaction
According to ________, eight stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life, and a unique developmental task confronts the individual at each stage
Erikson
True/False: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood
False; life-span development is from conception to death
Theorists and Theories
Freud and Erikson - Psychoanalytic theory Skinner, Bandura, Piaget, and Vygotsky - behavioral and social cognitive theory Bronfenbrenner - ecological theory Lorenz and Bowlby - ethological theory
____ identity refers to the characteristics of people as males and females
Gender
Which theoretical approach states that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering data that allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills?
Information-processing
Konrad _______, a European zoologist, helped bring ethology to prominence.
Lorenz
Behaviorist best known for his theory of operant conditioning
Skinner
Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life?
Trust versus mistrust
The "nurture" portion of the nature vs. nurture controversy can be described as:
a psychological and environmental perspective on how people develop
Chronological Age
age of a person in terms of years
According to Freud, the second stage of psychosexual development is the ______ stage and occurs between 1 1/2 and 3 years of age.
anal
Development is a product of..
biological, socioemotional, and cognitive processes
The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances, is called the ____________ in Bronfenbrenner's theory
chronosystem
______ processes refer to changes in an individual's thinking, intelligence, and language
cognitive
One thing that the information-proccessing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all:
cognitive theories
Continuity vs Discontinuity
compares quantitative change to qualitative change
The prenatal perios is the time from ______ to ______.
conception, birth
In the adolescent years, children discover who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in their lives. This occurs during the stage of development that Erik Erikson described as identity versus identity _________.
confusion
________ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception
development
Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume that
development does not occur in a stage-like fashion
Most developmentalists believe..
development is influenced by nature, nurture, stability, change, continuity, and discontinuity
Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real life phenomena She would most likely adopt an __________ aaproach to life-span development
eclectic orientation
The term ________ comes from the Greek word for "nation"
ethnicity
Many emerging adults don't consider themselves adolescents or full-fledged adults; which is _________ in-between
feeling
According to Piaget's theory, the ________ operational stage of cognitive development appears between the ages of 11 and 15 and continues through adulthood
formal
A father provides support so all of his children have the opportunity to attend college. Erikson would call this the _______-versus-stagnation stage
generativity
A sexual reawakening characterizes Freud's _________ psychosexual stage of development
genital
American baby boomers shared the experience of the Cuban missile crisis in their youth. This is an example of a normative ______ graded influence
history
Ducklings will follow the first moving object that they see, usually their mother. This process is called:
imprinting
The term _______ was coined by Lorenz to describe the rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving abject seen when a young goose hatches
imprinting
As preschoolers encounter a wider social world with new challenges that require responsible, active, purposeful behavior, which of Erikson's stages occurs?
initiative versus guilt
Erikson's final developmental stage is ______ versus _______, despair. This occurs in late adulthood when people reflect on the past and evaluate if they have lived a life well spent.
integrity, despair
Erikson's stage of ______ is a crucial stage in which young adults form or fail to form healthy relationships
intimacy versus isolation
Psychological Age
involves adaptive capacities (such as flexibility and motivation) as compared with others of the same chronological age
Social Age
involves connectedness with other and roles individuals adopt
Continuity vs Discontinuity
involves how much of our development is gradual/cumulative and how much is stage-like
Nature vs Nurture
involves how much of our development is impacted by biology and how much by the environment
Biological Age
involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs
Stability vs Change
involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist or evolve throughout development
According to Freud's theory, the _____ stage of psychosexual development, sexual interest is repressed
latency
The ______ period is the developmental period from aout 6 to 11 years of age, approximately corresponding to the elementary school years
middle and late childhood
Patrick's mother died when he was seven years old. This major impact on his life is best described as a?
nonnormative life event
A _________ age-graded influence describes influences that are similar for people of a particular age group
normative
According to Freud, the ______ stage of psychosexual development, in which pleasure is centered on the mouth, extends from birth to 1 1/2 years of age.
oral
Freud's stages of psychosexual development
oral stage - infant pleasure centers on mouth anal stage - child pleasure centers on anus phallic stage - child pleasure focuses on genitals latency stage - sexual interest is repressed genital stage - sexual interest is reawakened
Middle adulthood period of development
period of expanding personal and social involvement, career achievement, and responsibility
In Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about 2 to 7 years of age, children represent the world by words, images, and drawings
preoperational
________ period relates to a concept during infancy when attachment should occur
sensitive
_______ processes involve changes in an individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality
socioemotional
Some developmentalists believe that biological inheritance and early childhood experiences are crucial to development and that early traits and characteristics persist throughout life. These developmentalists have a _________ perspective on development.
stability
A ______ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions
theory
Piaget's theory describes when one actively construct an __________ of their world
understanding
During emerging adulthood often instability is seen in..
work, love, and education
