Chapter 1 and 2 terms H US history

Samuel de Champlain

A French explorer who mapped the Northeastern US and Eastern Canada, making it as far south as modern-day NY, and as far east as the Great Lakes. He also founded Quebec and many other small French colonies.

William Penn

A Quaker writer who started the colony of Pennsylvania. He also received his land from the King, he used it so that people could freely express their religion, especially Quakers.

Hernán Cortés

A Spanish Conquistador who was after adventure and riches. He conquered the Aztecs and Mexico on behalf of Spain.

St. Augustine (city)

A Spanish colony that was founded in 1565 in Florida. It was the first permanent European settlement in the continental US and served as a military base and home to Catholic priests.

Hernando de Soto

A Spanish conquistador who participated in the conquests of Central America and Peru. In 1541, Soto and his men became the first Europeans to discover the Mississippi River.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

A Spanish explorer who crossed the Atlantic Ocean and across Panama to reach the Pacific, being the first European to do so as well.

Joint stock company

A business or company that is partially owned by many people or shareholders. This can benefit the company by reducing their loss if the company struggles. It also benefits the shareholder, because when the company is successful they earn money.

Eastern woodlands peoples

A cultural area of the indigenous people of North America.

Roman Catholicism

A denomination of Christianity in which sacraments and special actions are used to praise God. Roman Catholicism is the main religion of Spain and was a major reason behind most of their actions and conflicts.

Burial mounds

A funeral tradition practiced by the Adena-Hopewell cultures in the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. Mounds of earth(designs of serpents and animals) over the grave.

Tobacco

A plant native to the Americas has recreational uses. During colonial times, tobacco was used as tax payment, and cultivation of tobacco was used for the use of indentured servants. Tobacco was also seen as a remedy for toothaches, and dressing wounds (similar to rubbing alcohol.)

Anne Hutchinson

A puritan spiritual advisor and religious reformer who participated in the Antinomian Controversy which shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony(from 1636 to 16378).

Hereditary aristocracy

A title or status that would be carried through generations of a blood line.

Henry the Navigator

Also known as Duke of Viseu, henry was a central figure in the Portuguese Empire. He mapped mopat of the coast of Africa, and established new trade routes.

Proprietary colonies

An English colony mostly in North America and in the Caribbean in the 17th century. They were granted to an individual or group by the British crown that were granted full rights on self-government.

Virginia Company of London

An English company that worked with the Crown so that they can reap benefits from colonization. It was founded by James I of England in 1606. It claimed all benefits from English lands from the 34th to the 41st parallel. After the Indian massacre of 1612, the company was dissolved by the king and was given to the Crown.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English explorer who served under Elizabeth I and was a favorite of hers. He brought New World crops to England, the most popular being the potato and tobacco plant.

Sir Francis Drake

An English seafarer who served England as a privateer, slave trader, naval officer, and politician. Mostly known for his seafaring adventures, his most popular expedition was the circumnavigation of the earth whilst destroying Spanish ships and harbors along the way.

Roanoke Island

An English settlement established in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh A group of men, women, and children arrived at the island in 1857. Governor John White's daughter gave birth to Virginia Dare. Colony disappeared from Roanoke Island in the Outer Banks sometimes between 1587 and 1590.

Amerigo Vespucci

An Italian Explorer who is most famous for discovering the continents of North and South America in 1501.

John Cabot

An Italian explorer and navigator who led one of the first known expeditions to North America coming from Europe since the Norse. He did it for King Henry VII.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian sailor(1451-1506) who tried persuading King Ferdinand and Queen Isabeela of Spain to fund his journey across the Atlantic to discover a new trade route to Asia. Instead he reached the Bahamas in 1492. For most he is said to have discovered the Americas(which is not quite true).

Powhatan Confederacy

An alliance of several powerful Algonquian tribes under the leadership of Chief Powhatan, organized into thirty chiefdoms along much of the Atlantic coast in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.

Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore

Became the Second Baron of Baltimore and was the proprietor of Maryland(promoted religious tolerance in this colony), 1632-1675.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Catholic Monarchs of Spain. The term Catholic Monarchs refers to Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.

Iroquois League

Consisting of 6 Indian tribes(Iroquois) which formed a confederation in New York(1722) to keep peace between themselves.

Infectious diseases

Contagious diseases that pass from one person to another. The Europeans shocked the Native Americans by bringing diseases which wept them out given their weak immune systems.

Separatists

English Protestants who occupied the extreme wing of Puritanism. The Separatists were severely critical of the Church of England and wanted to either destroy it or separate from it.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of disease, ideas, food, crops, and populations between the New World to the Old war(Christopher Columbus's voyage to the Americas in 1492.

Captain John Smith

Explorer and early leader of the Jamestown Colony who saved the Chesapeake Bay through his great leadership. 1614 Smith explored the shores of New England, later naming it.

Jacques Cartier

French Mariner who explored the Canadian coast and the St.Lawrence River(1534-1542) which laid the basis for French claims to North America.

Charter of Liberties (1701)

Functioned as Pennsylvania's constitution until the American Revolution. Granted by William Penn who wanted religious liberty, franchises and properties amongst freemen, planters and adventures.

Quakers

George Fox founded the Quaker religion in the 17th century. They rejected the use of formal sacraments and ministry, refused to take oaths and embraced pacifism. They played an important role in both the abonolist and women's rights movements. They settled and established the colony of Pennsylvania.

Juan Ponce de Leon

He was an explorer and conquistador from Spain who is known for being in charge of the first European expedition to florida.

James Oglethorpe

He was the founder of the Georgia colony and a member of parliament. He also is credited for the victory in the Battle of the Bloody Marsh which was a turning point in England and Spain's dispute for the southeast of Northamerica.

Henry Hudson

Hudson was an english sea explorer and navigator. He is known for Canada and eastern parts of the United States.

Maize

It is also called corn and is a cereal grain. It was first grown by the indiginous people of mexico.

John Rolfe

It is believed that he was the first person to have a successful harvest tobacco for exporting in virginia. He also, at one point, was married to Pocahontas.

Renaissance

It was the sincere period of European cultural, artistic, political, and economic "rebirth", following the Middle Ages. The Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art.

Jamestown

Jamestown is a very historic settlement in virginia. It was the English's first permanent settlement in North America.

Carolina colonies

King Charles II, gave eight noblemen a large tract of land south of Virginia in 1663. South Carolina became a wealthy colony due to exports of cotton, rice, and indigo dye.

Cahokia

Largest chiefdom and city of the Mississippian Indian culture located in Illinois. It supported up to 15,000 inhabitants given its good farming settlements.

Metacom

Metacom was a native american who became the chiefs of his tribe after his father and brother died. He led his tribe in King Phillips war where they were forced to surrender.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Nathaniel Bacon leads an unsuccessful rebellion against the Virginia governor William Berkeley's administration. Bacon stated that the administration did not protect settlers from Indian raids.

New Netherland

New Netherland was a Dutch colony on the east coast of the US. It was eventually taken by the English to create the colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

Restoration colonies

One of a number of land grants in North America given by King Charkes II of England in the later half of the 17th century. The grants marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americans after a 30-year hiatus.

Protestant Reformation

Sixteenth century religious movement initiated by Martin Luther who was a German monk whose public criticism of corruption in the Roman Catholic Church, and whose teaching that Chritians can communicate directly with God, gained a wide following.

Aztec Empire

Spanish invade Mexico in 1519, finding the Aztec Empire which connected 371 city-states organized into 31 provinces.

Horse (impact of in the New World)

The Europeans brought over the horse during the Columbian Exchange(1500) which put a new twist on war and hunting. Horses were able to chase large bison, which supplied a big source of food and weapons/tools.

Glorious Revolution

The Glorious Revolution refers to the events of 1688-89 that saw King James II of England deposed and succeeded by one of his daughters and her husband.

William III of Orange

The King of England, Ireland, and Scotland. He went to war against France, a dominant world power at the time, which earned him massive respect.

Toleration Act (1649)

The Maryland Toleration act of 1649 ensured freedom of religion for non Puritan Christian settlers of diverse persuasions in the colony. This freedom of religion was later legislated with the creation of the United States.

Puritans

The Puritans were English protestants/dissenters who sought to purify the Church of England of itd Catholic practices. The Church of England had not been fully reformed and should be more protestant.

Religious toleration

The Toleration Act, passed by the English Parliament in 1689. It gave Quakers and several other denominations the right to build churches and to conduct public worship in the colonies.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

The fundamental orders describe the government set up by the Connecticut river towns, setting its structure and powers. They wanted the government to have access to the open ocean for trading

Inca Empire

The largest empire in pre-Columbian America in the Andes region during the 12th century. Having a well devised agricultural and roadway systems along with a strong religion and language helped maintain the rising empire.

Sir William Berkeley

The longest serving governor in Virginia's history.

Spanish Armada

The naval fleet of Spanish ships that had 150 vessels whose purpose was to invade England. Their battle formation was one of a crescent, which made them hard to attack. The Armada was created to contain/destroy the English homeland, so they could monopolize the New World.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The prototype of the American government. Elected officials of Virginia show up and show their people's opinion on certain issues.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

The treaty stating that all lands west of the 30* the line will be Spain's and all lands east of the land will be Portuguese.

Pilgrims

These are the people who broke off from the English church. They created the mayflower compact and found the plymouth colony. They did this after sailing to the new world.

Conquistadores

They were the knights, soldiers, and explorers of the Spanish and the Portuguese Empires. During the Age of Discovery Conquistadores sailed to the Americas, Africa, and Asia to colonize and open trade routes.

Plymouth colony

This colony was founded by English pilgrims and was the first New England colony.

New Spain

This was a large territory of spain. It covered mexico, the american southwest, , central america and northern parts of south america. It was created in 1521.

New England Confederation

This was a military alliance between the colonies of New England used to defend against the native americans. It was the start of the unification of the colonies.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

This was a settlement in New England created by puritans. It was created in 1630 for religious purposes.

King Philip's War (1675-1678)

This was a war between the native americans in new eng;and and the english settlers who were taking the land. The native Americans were unable to protect their land and had to surrender.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

This was an agreement between the people aboard the mayflower, an english ship that sailed to the americas to create a settlement. The compact established laws and rules for themselves.

Papal line of demarcation

This was created in the treaty of Tordesillas. It divided the land of the new world between Spain and portugal. However, only Spain and Portugal followed. Other European countries and indiginous people did not acknowledge it.

Middle Passage

This was the journey used for taking Africans from their homeland and bringing them to the americas where they were forced to work as slaves. Many people died on this trip and it was used until the 1800s.

Indentured servant

Time of labor(usually 4 to 7 years) where settlers consented to work for a master and in exchange for having their passage to the "New" world.

Roger Williams

Was a Puritan minister, theologian, and author who founded the Providence Plantations, which became the Colony of Rhode Island and later the U.S. state of Rhode Island.

Encomienda

Was a Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of conquered non-Christian people. The laborers were provided with benefits by the conquerors for whom they labored, the Catholic religion being a principal benefit.

Giovanni de Verrazzano

Was an Italian explorer of North America. He is renowned as the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between Florida and New Brunswick in 1524

Robert de la Salle

Was an explorer best known for leading an expedition down the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. He claimed the region watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries for France and named it Louisiana after King Louis XIV.

Ferdinand Magellan

a Portuguese explorer and Hispanic Monarchy's subject from 1518. He is known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific to an open maritime route.

Francisco Pizarro

a Spanish conquistador, best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of Peru.

Halfway covenant

a form of partial church membership adopted by the Congregational churches of colonial New England in the 1660s

Headright

a legal grant of land given to settlers during the period of European colonization in the Americas.

John Cabot

an Italian navigator and explorer. His 1497 voyage to the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England is the earliest-known European exploration of coastal North America

Francisco Coronado

was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from what is now Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542

George Calvert, Lord Baltimore

was an English politician and colonial administrator. He achieved domestic political success as a member of parliament and later Secretary of State under King James I. He was also interested in the English colonization of the new world to establish a refuge for British catholics.