Chapter 1 & 3

Select the elements necessary for good microscopy. (Check all that apply.)

-Adequate magnification.-Contrast.-Resolution.

Which defines spontaneous generation?

Abiogenesis

The Dutch linen merchant who developed a large collection of single-lens microscopes in the late 1600s that he used to view microbes was _

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Which type(s) of microorganisms have cells that do NOT contain organelles?

Bacteria Archaea

Select the three major areas involved in the science of taxonomy.

Classification Nomenclature Identification

Drag the descriptions to their corresponding class to assess your understanding of the three domains of life.

Eukarya--all organisms represented by cells with a nucleus Bacteria--single-celled organisms without a nucleus Archaea--single-celled organisms without a nucleus that live in extreme environments and are more genetically related to Eukarya than Bacteria

Which cell type is generally larger in size?

Eukaryotic cells

What is biotechnology?

Genetic manipulation that results in harmful bacterial products

Which process uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds and ATP from carbon dioxide and water?

Photosynthesis

Which microbes have a true nucleus?

Protists, Yeast

Small pieces of ______ are now known to be responsible for precise regulation of cells, and these may be a target for future antimicrobial therapy.

RNA

What is the role of small RNAs?

Regulate cell activities

Select all of the answers that reflect the contributions that molecular approaches have made to modern taxonomy.

Revealed that ssu RNA is highly conserved so can be used for classification have led to the development of a new taxonomic system divided into domains

Which of the following is not true regarding viruses?'

Viruses are eukaryotic.

What is the role of restriction enzymes?

a protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule. In the bacterial cell, restriction enzymes cleave foreign DNA, thus eliminating infecting organisms.

Analyzing the table above, which of the following statements are true?

a. Worldwide, close to six million people die of infectious diseases every year.b. Influenza and pneumonia are major causes of death in the United States and worldwide.c. More people in the United States die from diseases attributed to lifestyle than diseases attributed to infectious agents.

Based on the infographic above, which of the following statements are true?

b. Less than half of the world's mortality is due to infectious diseases. c. Worldwide, more deaths are due to noninfectious diseases than infectious diseases. d. The number of deaths due to infectious disease is lower in the United States than other parts of the world.

All ______ are microorganisms, but not all ______ are microorganisms.

bacteria; eukaryotes

Designing organisms in the industrial setting that can provide human products through genetic engineering or clean up environmental waste through bioremediation is part of the subdiscipline of microbiology referred to as

biotech

Microbiology involves the study of microscopic organisms or agents, including

helminths fungi archaea bacteria viruses protozoa

cheg study sheet

https://www.chegg.com/flashcards/chapter-one-4bab5925-af27-433b-86e0-1c5e7a5343f3/flip

Microbiology

is a specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.

phohtosynthesis

is the light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material.

In the 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek developed a large collection of single-lens

microscopes

Organisms that are only visible with the aid of a microscope are

microscopic

A(n) is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell.

organelle

Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as ______.

organelles

A (what ) is the general term used to refer to any disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

The concept of living things arising from vital forces in nonliving or decomposing materials was known as ______.

spontaneous generation

john Needham, Louis Pasteur, and other scientists all performed experiments to disprove

the theory of spontaneous generation

Photosynthetic microorganisms contribute more oxygen to the atmosphere than plants.

true

True or false: Not all eukaryotes are microorganisms.

true

When not present in a host, an individual virus is referred to as a , or virus particle.

virion

Which microbe(s) do NOT have a true nucleus?

Bacteria Reason: Bacteria are prokaryotic and lack a true nucleus. Yeast Reason: Yeast are eukaryotic and have a true nucleus. Algae Reason: Algae are eukaryotic and have a true nucleus. Protozoa Reason: Protozoa are eukaryotic and have a true nucleus.

Select all answers that are roles played by microorganisms in our environment.

Carry out photosynthesis Biological decomposition Nutrient recycling

Match the technologies with the statements that most accurately describe them to test your understanding how microorganisms are useful in society today.

Technology that applies the power of microbes toward the manufacture of industrial products, foods, and drugs.- Biotechnology Newer technology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals to create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs).- Genetic engineering Process that involves the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants.- Bioremediation

Choose all of the responses that pertain to the relative burden of human infectious diseases in the world today.

-Noncommunicable disease causes the highest percentage of deaths at all income levels.-Deaths due to communicable diseases are highest in low income, developing countries.-Developed countries like the U.S. exhibit deaths only due to chronic disease.-The infectious diseases that cause the most deaths worldwide and in the U.S. are pneumonia and influenza.

Evaluate the following statements, and select those that correctly apply to the properties of microscopes.

-light rays with shorter WL enhance ability to resolve objects that are close together -when observing specimens with the 100x lens, adding a drop of oil to the slide will improve the resolving power; the image will be clear rather than blurry

Review important historical foundations of microbiology by completing each sentence. Then, arrange the sentences in chronological order.

1 In the late 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek designed several simple microscopes. 2 As a leading microbiologist during the 1800s, Pasteur disproved the theory of abiogenesis and completed several studies leading to the germ theory of disease. 3 In the mid 1800s, Lister was the first surgeon to introduce aseptic techniques into the operating room in an effort to reduce microbes and prevent infection. 4 Around 1875, Koch established four proofs that could be used to determine an organism's pathogenicity and related disease. He also developed many of the laboratory techniques that are still used today. 5 Microbes have played a significant role in the advances of the last century, such as restriction enzymes for cutting DNA and genome sequencing to better understand the microbes that live on and in our bodies.

Match the microscopy terms to their correct descriptions.

Magnification- The apparent increase in size of an imageContrast-The ability to be distinguished from the surroundingsResolution- The ability to distinguish between two separate structures that are very close to one another

Microscopic organisms are only visible with the aid of a

Microscopic

reemerging diseases

Older diseases that are experiencing recent increases in prevalence are referred to as

Drag the statements to the correct type of medium to compare and contrast different examples of selective and differential media.

SELECVTIVE MEDIA: Enterococcus faecalis broth- sodium azide allows for the growth of fecal enterococci MacConkey Agar- bile and crystal violet allow for the growth of gram-negative enterics Lowenstein Jensen- malachite green allows for the growth of mycobacteriumSabouraud's Agar- acidic media which allows for the growth of fungi DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA: Blood agar- demonstrates hemolysis of streptococcus bacteria - phenol red allows for the identification of staphylococcal species Triple sugar iron agar- identification of hydrogen sulfide producing bacteria MacConkey agar- neutral red allows for identification of lactose fermenting bacteria

Which scientist established a connection between infections in the maternity ward and physicians with unwashed hands coming directly from autopsies?

Semmelweis

Drag the images to their corresponding class to test your understanding of various types of microbiological stains

Simple stains involve the use of one dye. Differential staining methods use two different dyes to distinguish between two cell types or parts. Special stains are used to enhance viewing of important structures such as capsules and flagella.

Place the correct category next to each taxonomic level presented for humans.

Species- sapiens Genus-Homo Family-Hominidae Order-Primates Class-mammalia Phylum Chordata Kingdom-Animalia Species - Group of similar indiviuals which can interbreed and produce fertile offsprings.Ex sapiens Genus- Group of related species. ex Homo Family- Group of related families but having less similarities as compare to genus and species. Ex Hominidae Order- Group of related families .Ex primates Class- Group of related ordrers .Ex Class Mammalia - classification on the presence of having mammary glands Phylum- Group of related class .Ex. Phylum chordata- classification on the presence of notocords. KIngdom- Group of related phyla Ex- Animalia -Includes all multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes

Louis Pasteur

The scientist who helped disprove the belief in spontaneous generation by designing a long, bent "swan neck" for his flasks was ____

microbiome

The sum total of all the microbes in a certain environment is its

Select the characteristics of complex media used in microbial culturing. (Check all that apply.)

They provide a rich mixture of nutrients for microbial growth, they may contain blood, serum, or meat extracts, and examples include chocolate agar and MacConkey agar

emerging

diseases are those which are newly identified and becoming more prominent.

The cells of which microorganisms contain organelles?

eukaryotes

True or false: A virus is a cellular agent that possesses membrane-bound organelles.

false This is actually false. Viruses are acellular microbes and are comprised of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

Choose the response(s) that pertain to the relative burden of human infectious diseases in the world today.

- nearly 2000 microbes can cause human disease today - Many diseases that used to be considered noninfectious probably do involve microbial infection based upon current studies. - There is an increase in microbes that are resistant to drugs today.

Illustrate the scientific method by putting these statements in order, starting with the first process at the top.

1. phenomenon is observed in natural world 2. scientist developed an explanation known as hypothesis 3. an experiment is conducted to test the hypothesis 4. analysis leads to either rejection or support of hypothesis

Which of the following are true regarding spontaneous generation? Check all that apply.

2. Louis Pasteur designed an experiment with swan-necked flasks that disproved this theory once and for all. 3.This theory was based on idea of abiogenesis.

What is a virion?

A virus particle that is not inside of a host cell

emerging

A(n) infectious disease, such as SARS or viral encephalitis, is a newly identified infectious disease that is becoming more prominent.

Review the scientific process by completing each sentence. Then, arrange the sentences into a logical paragraph.

If the explanation is supported by numerous research studies that survive peer-review over time, it can be moved to the level of a theory. Scientists formulate a hypothesis, a tentative explanation to account for what they have observed or measured. Some explanations of scientific phenomena are so well-tested that they move to the highest level of confidence and become a law. Scientists then conduct experiments to determine the validity of their explanations.