Chapter 1 - Defining Psychology and Approaches
Which psychologist emphasized that psychology should be about people's actions and behaviors and should not concern itself with such things as thoughts, feelings, and goals?
B. F. Skinner
The cognitive approach to psychology takes the view that behavior is controlled by external environmental forces.
False
is a historical approach advocated by William James that concentrated on mental processes and the purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment.
Functionalism
is an approach that concentrates on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environment.
Functionalism
Which statements about Darwin's theory of evolution are correct?
It is strongly supported by observation, It continues to influence psychologists today.
is an evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring.
Natural Selection
From its founding, psychological science has long struggled with a lack of diversity among those in its ranks.
True
In addition to philosophy, psychology has roots in the natural sciences of biology and physiology.
True
created the first psychology laboratory.
Wilhelm Wundt
Functionalism had its roots in the views of
William James
Psychology is best characterized as
a general science practiced in several environments.
Unlike early behaviorists, many contemporary behaviorists
are interested in the role of cognitive thought processes in shaping behavior.
Which approach to psychology emphasizes the role of physical processes such as brain and nervous system functioning?
biological
Which of the following are significant ingredients in producing behavior, according to the biopsychosocial approach?
biological factors, social factors, psychological factors
The _____ perspective on human behavior asserts that biological, psychological, and social factors are all significant ingredients in producing behavior.
biopsychosocial
Which psychological perspective focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing—that is, how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems?
cognitive approach
Modern behavioral researchers include _____ in their research, whereas early behaviorists did not.
cognitive thought processes
What are the core attitudes in the scientific approach?
critical thinking, objectivity, curiosity, skepticism
A psychologist is interested in knowing how love between two people can sometimes endure for 50 years. This is an example of how scientists are
curious
Contemporary Behaviorists
emphasizes the importance of observing an individual to understand their behavior.
When researchers gather evidence and examine it logically, they are using the _____ method.
empirical
Critical thinking is the practice of evaluating Blank
evidence
Which is the psychological perspective that uses concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors?
evolutionary approach
Which psychological perspective emphasizes a person's positive qualities, capability for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny?
humanistic approach
Which of the following are among the contemporary approaches to psychological science? (More than one option may be correct.)
humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, sociocultural
Pedro is thinking deeply about his feelings and monitoring how he responds to common stimuli. Pedro is engaging in ________ which literally means "looking inside" and is also an approach historically used by structuralists in the field of psychology.
introspection
The method they used in the study of mental structures was ____ which literally means looking inside
introspection
Evolutionary theory implies that the way we are is the way that
is best suited to survival in our environment.
Structuralism
is the name of the approach to psychology endorsed by Wilhelm Wundt
Psychology
is the study of behavior and mental processes
A behaviorist might study
learning through environmental determinants.
The functionalists focused on:
mental processes and the purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment.
Like functionalism, structuralism focuses on
mental processes.
The biological approach to psychology focuses on the brain and ______ system
nervous
Malik just completed a research study. The results were completely different from what he had hypothesized. Although the results didn't turn out the way he expected, he sits down to start writing up the unexpected findings. This situation provides a good example of which scientific attitude?
objectivity
Contemporary psychology was deeply influenced by _____, the rational investigation of the underlying principles of being and knowledge.
philosophy
Which psychological perspective emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early family experiences?
psychodynamic approach
According to B. F. Skinner, what determine(s) a person's behavior?
rewards and punishments
Donna has heard that dogs can only see in black and white, but she refuses to believe it outright. Instead, she decides to figure out some tasks that require color vision to test her own dog to better assess this statement. Donna is best illustrating which scientific attitude?
skepticism
The Blank______ examines the influences of social and cultural environments on behavior.
sociocultural approach
of consciousness is the term used by James to describe the natural flow of thought.
stream
The behavioral perspective
suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study.
Psychology grew out of the philosophical tradition of
thinking about the mind and body.
Evolutionary Approach
uses evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.
