Chapter 1- History of & Trends in Counselling

CCPA (Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association

"The skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self-knowledge, emotional acceptance, and growth, and the optimal development of personal resources"

Bullying Crisis in Canada

- Canada ranks 26th and 27th in a survey of 25 countries measuring bullying - Those who are bullied are usually not stable afterwards (depressed) and have lower levels of socio-economic and lower achievement - Most common between grades 5-7

Violence in Canada

- Decline in the numbers of reported crimes in Canada between 2003-2008 - 1 in 5 crimes reported to police is violent, and the homicide rate has been quite stable over the past decade

1900-1909

- Frank Parsons founded Vocational Guidance Movement. This emerged as an important field for dealing with problems resulting from the Industrial Revolution - Frank also called "the founder of guidance" focused his work on growth and prevention - He is best known for founding Boston's Vocational Bureau in 1908, which was a major step in the institutionalization of vocational guidance - Clifford Beers- wrote a book about the poor conditions in the mental institution as he experienced them during his time there due to depression. - His book is called "A Mind That Found Itself" - He used this book as a platform to advocate for better mental health facilities and reform in the treatment of people with mental illness by making friends with soliciting funds from influential people. - His work had big influence on fields of psychiatry and clinical psychology.

Guidance

- Identify options/directions- choices - Process of helping people make important choices that affect their lives, such as choosing a preferred lifestyle. - Distinction between guidance and counselling- guidance helps individuals focus on what they value most (guides people) whereas counselling focuses on helping them change - When an unequal helps the less experienced person find direction in life. Ex: a guidance counsellor helping me select my courses, parents guiding their children, etc.

History of counselling- Prior to 1900's

- In the US, counselling evolved out of humanitarian concern to improve the lives of those who suffered in the Industrial Revolution - Although counselling started around here, there was no mention of "counselling" in literature until 1931 as the "counsellors" were identified as teachers, pioneers, social reformers or advocates.

Technology and counselling

- In the past technology was only used for record keeping and research. Today, technology has advanced to client interaction. - Testing Populations - Mobility (geographically, mobility)- those who either live far or are handicap and are not able to make it to a counsellors office can do it online - Resistant - Those with the Aptitude for Written Expression- they can write about their feelings in online journals or websites instead of face to face interaction

Leadership

- Increased need for counsellors to develop leadership and planning skills, by doing so they become more positive and potent force in society. They have too: - Influence a group towards reaching "a specific goal" - Coaching- counsellors will help them reach this goal by coaching them in a group by acting as leaders - Strategic Planning- this involves envisioning the future and making preparations to meet anticipated needs. This is usually done in a group of people.

Psychotherapy

- More extensive use- residential treatment, hospitals - Focus on the past - Focuses on serious problems associated with internal, intrapsychic, and personal issues and conflicts - Deals with "recovery of adequacy"

1990's

- Multicultural counseling was now more accepted for people with coloured skin . - This also set discussion for counselling people with disabilities - THUS, discussions occurred throughout the decade about what diversity and counsel with a pluralistic society entails.

Identity

- Professional Identity and Regulation - Associations- in Canada most psychologists and social workers either belong to the CPA or the CCPA - New Affiliations - Most counsellors in the U.S have held memberships in ACA.

Why is history important?

- Reveals trends and patterns - Provides insight into current practices - Informs/Influences decision making for future - Measurement of Growth

Wellness

- This is a holistic approach to life- an all natural approach - Involves aspects of life including physical, psychological, intellectual, environmental, social, and emotional facets. - Defined as: a way of life oriented towards optimal health and well-being in which BODY, MIND, and SPIRIT are integrated by the individual to live their life more fully within the human and natural community. - It is the optimum state of health and well-being that each individual is capable of achieving.

Pressing Issues

- Violence, Trauma and Crises - Wellness - Social Justice and Diversity - Technology - Leadership - Identity

1910-1940

- WWI- counseling became big as soldiers began employing testing and placement practices - During Great Depression, researchers and practitioners emphasized counselling on helping people with strategies and find employment Williamson modified Parsons theory and used it to work with students and the unemployed. Called Trait- factor or directive theories. - He thought the task of a counsellor was to ascertain a deficiency/problem in the client, such as lack of knowledge or skill, and then prescribe a procedure to cure the problem. 1939- CPA was founded by Humphrey, Bott and Liddy 1940's- Vocational Guidance began to replace teachers in the area of testing and counselling

Counselling process- 9 Steps

1) Initial structure established--> 2) Build upon relationship- build trust--> 3) Identify the issue/problem--> 4) Explore of self and assess--> 5) Problem solve- try to solve problem--> 6) Decision making--> 7) Plan of action--> 8) Review and follow up--> 9) Termination

Wellness model created around 5 life tasks:

1) Spirituality 2) Self-directed 3) Work and Leisure 4) Friends 5) Love - Premise of model is that healthy functioning occurs on a developmental continuum, and healthy behaviours at one point in life affect subsequent behaviours and functioning well.

1950's-1980's

Before 1950's, 4 main theories influenced practice: 1) Psychoanalysis and insight theory (Freud) 2) Trait-Factor or Directive theories (Williamson) 3) Humanistic approach and client-centerer (Rogers) 4) Behavioral theories (Skinner) - With the coming of these approaches, there was a decline in Vocational Guidance - Counselling shifted from a one-on-one to a group interaction - Founded in 1966 by Walz- ERIC/CAPS has become one of the largest and most used resources on counselling activities and trends in the US and throughout the world. - 1980's huge emphasize on human growth and development- this stressed through increased attention to gender issues and sexual preferences (ex: intro to feminist theory in counselling).

The World of Acronyms

CCPA CPA CASW

CASW

Canadian Association of Social Workers

CCPA

Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association

CPA

Canadian Psychological Association

Social Justice and Diversity

Fairness and Equity (equality): - Environmental Limitations as Barriers- the environment has limits which act as barriers to people - Challenging Systemic Forms of Oppression through counselling - Free Clients from Oppressive Social Practices Advocacy: (Due to active involvement counsellors are taking in social justice, it causes advocacy) - Helping clients Challenge Barriers to Success - Client Empowerment - Qualities of an Effective Advocate Diversity Awareness: - Promoting diversity is a fundamental value of counselling psychology in Canada - Current example of promoting diversity is how organizations are trying to make gender dysphonia (people who are transgender or who feel the opposite gender than they are) treated well in society and for people to be accepting towards it.

Violence, Trauma and Crises

Prevalence of Critical Incidences - Critical Incidence and Debriefing/Management - Risk Threat Assessment Canadian Prevalence of Bullying - There are Campaigns for Awareness of bullying - Targeted populations Stress- Exposure to Traumatic Events -When one is exposed to traumatic events, they usually experience: 1) Acute Stress disorder- which lasts for a short period of time. People develop this within a few weeks and resolve them within another few weeks 2) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder- could last for a longer period of time, delay onset. People experience symptoms and then could re-experience them again in the future. - There is specialized training to help these people deal with the stress.

Current trends

Professional Regulations/ rules - Credibility- it is necessary that the counsellor ensures credibility - Counselling is ever changing as certain topics, issues, and concerns of todays society and world are different than those of the past. The changing roles of men and women in the media, technology, poverty, etc. have captured counsellings' attention as the new century began. Due to these changes in society, pressing topics that are being dealt with consist of violence, trauma, crises, and others.... - Jurisdictional Qualifications- provincial psychologists have established a mutual recognition agreement that allows psychologists in one jurisdiction to become registered more easily in another. Over time this will likely result in fewer differences between Canadian jurisdictional registration requirements. (Overtime there will be fewer differences between Canadian jurisdictional registration requirements)

Social workers vs. Psychologists

The two are similar with different origins: Social workers: - Promotes human right and social justice from an advocacy perspective - Definition according to the CASW: Social work is a profession concerned with helping individuals, families, groups, and communities to enhance their individual and collective well-being. It aims to help people develop their own skills and their ability to use their own resources and those of the community to resolve their problems. (Use what you have to solve your problems with your own skills and the resources you have). Psychologists: - They are trained extensively in the psychology field therefore are more likely to administer and interpret psychological tests. However, they do not usually cover the more "clinical" variety as much as clinical and school psychologists do.

Technology and Counselling- Ethical/Legal Implications

There are risks of online counselling: - Confidentiality - Crises - Not being able to fully build a relationship and trust without seeing the other person - Jurisdictional issues - Lack of evidence for best practice - Technology failures - Non-verbal communication

Focus of Counselling

a) Development of issue b) Overcoming certain problems c) Coping better with a crisis situation d) Improving relationships with others e) Overcoming feelings associated with inner conflicts Ex: my friends are bullying me, i need to then overcoming these problems and cope better with the situation. I have to then improve my relationship with my friends and overcome the feelings i have associated with them bullying me.