Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics (1. 1)
"___" sampling: Divide the entire population into pre-existing segments or ____. These ____ are geographic. Make random selection of ___s. Include every member of each selected ___ in the sample.
Cluster; cluster
Men are known to smoke more often than women. This would be considered a "____" variable in a study about smoking habits.
Confounding
Sampling Unit (or individual):
A single entity, usually a person or an object, whose characteristics are of interest.
Inferential Statistics:
Consists of methods that use sample results to help make decisions or predictions about a population with a certain degree of assurance based on preset level of significance and specified assumptions.
"_____" sampling: Create a sample by using data from population members that are readily available.
Convenience
Mean, median, mode, different graphical representations (bar chart, stem, leaf plot, etc.) are examples of.... "___________" Statistics.
Descriptive
What is a "Population" ?
Individuals, items, or objects ; whose characteristics are being studied.
Prediction by a dentist about the teeth that are susceptible to have cavity or damage in future; due to current research is an example of "_____" Statistics.
Inferential
Descriptive Statistics:
Involve methods of organizing, summarizing, and describing the prominent features of data. It can be presented numerically or visually (graphs,etc.)
"______" sampling: Use a variety of sampling methods to create successively smaller groups at each ---. The final sample consists of clusters.
Multistage; stage
A "____" error: is the result of poor sample design, sloppy data collection, faulty measuring instruments, bias in questionnairies, and so on.
Nonsampling
In an Observational Study...
Observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't change the response or the variable being measured.
"Lurking" and "confounding" variables..
Outside known or unknown variables cause change in response in the experimental group.
A " _______" is a numerical measure that describes the outlined characteristic of the population.
Parameter
A "____" (categorical) variable, is a variable that describes the individual by placing the individual into a category or group.
Qualitative
Movie titles would be considered a ___ variable.
Qualitative
A "___" (numerical) variable is a variable that takes on a real value or numerical measurement for which operations such as sums, differences, and ratios have meaning.
Quantitative
Number of steps in a stair case would be considered a ___ variable.
Quantitative
"_____" Sampling: Use a simple ____ sample from the entire population.
Random
A portion of the population selected for study is referred to as a "______".
Sample
A "____" error: is the difference between measurements from a sample and corresponding measurements from the respective population. It is caused by the fact that the sample does not perfectly represent the population.
Sampling
A " __ _____ _____" of n measurements from a population is a subset of the population selected in such a manner that every sample of size n from the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Simple random sample
A "______" is a numerical measure that yields an estimate of a population parameter.
Statistic
"____" sampling: Divides the entire population into distinct subgroups called "____". The ____ are based on a specific characteristic such as age, income, education, and so on. All members of the ___ share a specific characteristic; draw random samples from each stratum.
Stratified; strata
"___" sampling: Number all members of the population sequentially. Then, from a starting point selected at random, include every k(th) member of the population in the sample.
Systematic
Automobiles are coming off an assembly line. The starting point will be the third care, then every fifth car after that will be sampled...what kind of sampling is this?
Systematic
The "Population Data" is....
The complete collection of information from all of the individuals or subjects of interest in a given study.
Populations of Units:
The complete collection of units about which information is sought.
Statistics:
The science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data.
A "Statistical Population" is ....
The set of measurements corresponding to the entire collection of units about which information is sought.
A "_____" is a distinct characteristic of an individual or unit to be observed and or/measured. (These observed data can be qualitative or quantitative.)
Variable
A "completely randomized experiment"...
a random process is used to assign each individual to one of the treatments.
In an Experiment..
a treatment is deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in the response or variable being measured.
A "___" is a group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.
block
Statistics is the science of learning from _______.
data
You wormed your herd of 20 goats. Afters you noticed after 6 months, 18 of your goats tested negative for worms, while 2 were positive for worms. This would be a __________.
experiment
A sample is...
measurements or observations from part of the population.
You cast a net out in a section of the lake. When you reel it back in you count 3 bass, 4 sunfish, and 1 catfish. This would be a ___________.
observational study
A Placebo effect...
occurs when a subject recieves no treatment but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and response favorably.
In a "______ ____ " experiment, individuals are first sorted into ___s, and then a random process is used to assign each indivdiual in the block to one of the treatments.
randomized block; block
This sampling technique is analogous to a lottery.
simple random sample
