Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology

What is the body's tendency to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment called?

Homeostasis

_________ feedback is a mechanism that keeps a variable close to it's set-point. Body temperature is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.

Negative

_________ feedback is a self-amplifying mechanism in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction.

Positive

What is the process of transforming a cell with no specialized function into a cell with a specialized function called?

differentiation

The internal state of the body is best described as a(n) ______ equilibrium, where there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.

dynamic

A structure that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a(n)

effector

Responsiveness is also known as ______.

excitability

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another is a physiological

gradient

If the textbook states a value for a typical human heart rate, you should assume that the value refers to the heart rate of a(n) ______.

healthy 22-year-old

Without the expenditure of energy, the net movement of matter in a physiological gradient will always be from a region of ______ concentration to a region of ______ concentration.

higher, lower

A physician's assistant devises a treatment plan based on the patient's age, lab results, economic status, perceptions, and emotions. What type of treatment is this?

holism

Which theory states that there are emergent properties of the whole organism that cannot be understood by its individual parts? __________ Which theory states that a more complex structure can be understood by studying its smaller parts? _____________

holism; reductionism

The _______ of the feedback mechanism processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of what a response should be.

integration center

Proteins and DNA are which of the following? macromolecules minerals cofactors monomers

macromolecules

Which is an example of an organelle? skin epithelium mitochondria

mitochondria

Organelles are composed of _________.

molecules

Blood pressure is controlled by a ________ feedback mechanism.

negative

When some bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. This would be an example of what type of feedback?

negative

A(an) ______ is a structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function

organ

What is a group of organs with a unique collective function called?

organ system

A single complete individual capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis is termed a living ________.

organism

Medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication, can result from failure to consider which of the following?

physiological variation

Differences in sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, environment, among other things are important what?

physiological variations

Which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?

plasma membrane

Contractions during childbirth is an example of a ______ feedback mechanism.

positive

A structure that detects a response from a stimulus is called a(n)

receptor

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n) ________.

tissue

Which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?

cell wall

Which of the following is an example of a physiological negative feedback mechanism? Contractions during birth Body temperature Blood clotting cascade

Body temperature

True or false: A tissue is more complex than an organ.

False

Which receptor detects pressure changes?

baroreceptor

The receptors located in the heart, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes in response to fluctuations in blood pressure are known as

baroreceptors