Chapter 1. Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology

arboreal habitat

-greater safety from predators -less competition -rich food supply

Which of the following are good for hypothesis?

1. It is testable and falsifiable. 2. It is consistent with what is already known.

what languages a most medical terms derived from?

1. Latin 2. Greek

which of the following are statistical test?

1. T test 2. Chi- Square test

what are the advantages of a large sample size?

1. it enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome. 2. it controls the individual variation. 3.It controls for chance events.

what is good criteria for a good hypotheses?

1. it is testable and falsifiable 2.it is consistent with what is already known

Evolution

A change in genetic composition of a population of organisms over a period of time.

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

positive feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

What is the study of body structures called?

Anatomy

Avicenna

Arabian philosopher and physician

Name the smallest particle with a unique chemical identity.

Atom

place the levels of structural hierarchy in the body in the order complexity small to largest.

Atom, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism.

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Information that can be independently verified by any trained person is called???

Fact

A tissue is more complex than an organ? True / False

False. Organs are composed of tissues, and are thus more complex.

Hippocrates

Father of medicine

Which type of anatomy focus on body structures that can be observed without magnification?

Gross Anatomy

psychosomatic

Having an effect on the body, but mental or emotional in origin

Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external environment is known as?

Homeostasis

What is a verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon called?

Law of nature

is made up of two or more atoms.....

Molecule

Anatomical Variation

No two humans are exactly alike

Macro-molecules, organelles, tissues, ____ , organ system, organism

Organ

what is an anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it called?

Organ

which of the following complete a single individual?

Organism

Hypo

Preffix

Nomina Anatomica

Purged eponyms from terminology and included only Latin terms. Devised in the late 1800s

dynamic equilibrium

Result of diffusion where there is continuous movement of particles but no overall change in concentration

DI-

TWO

Excretion

The general process of eliminating metabolic waste products from the body is called?

sample size

The number of subjects used in an experiment or study. Generally, the larger the better.

what is gross anatomy?

The study of body structures that can be observed without magnification.

False

The study of ultra structure focus on structure within cells

An aggravation of cells and extracellular materials, which performs a discrete function, is known as...

Tissue

Predators, Climate, disease

Which forces can act as selective pressure

radiology

a branch of medicine that uses medical imaging technologies to explore the interior of the human body

placebo

a fake drug used in the testing of medication

Adaptation

a feature that allows an organism to better survive and reproduce in its environment

An organelle is best described as

a microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual function

Effector

a molecule, cell, or organ that carries out a response to stimuli is called ?

False

a negative feedback system tends to strengthen or reinforce a stimulus?

scientific method

a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experiments.

inductive method

a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them

peer review

a review by people with similar professional qualification

independently verified

a scientific fact, information must be?

An organ is best described as which of the following?

a structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with discrete function.

Epi-

above

selection pressure

an environmental variable that acts to remove poorly adapted individuals.

double-blind experiment

an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment

Theory

an explanatory statement, or set of statement that concisely summarizes the stat of knowledge of a phenomenon and provides direction for further study.

comparitive psychology

area of psychology in which the psychologists study animals and their behavior for the purpose of comparing and contrasting it to human behavior and function

Hypo-

below

what is the term used for a dead human body?

cadaver

what is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life?

cell

positive feed back system examples

contractions during child birth, formation of a blood clot

physiological variation

differs with sex, age, diet, weight, degree of physical activity

Eponyms

discover of structures

what is the name for the process carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships?

dissection

What is the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce chances in membrane voltage called?

excitability

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another is a

gradient

Which brands of medicine examines tissues doe disease?

histopathology

which is testable, falsifiable, and consistent with what is already known?

hypothesis

Terminologia Anatomica

international standard on human anatomic terminology

Auscultation

listening to sounds within the body

Which of the following is made by joining two or more different atoms together?

molecule

blood pressure is controlled by a ?

negative feedback system

exploratory surgery

open body and take a look inside

what is a group of organs with a unique collective function called?

organ system

A single complete individual capable of response to stimuli , reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis is termed a

organism

A single complete individual capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth, and development, and maintenence of homeostasis is termed a (n)______

organism

Neurophysiology

physiology of the nervous system

what structure closes a cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?

plasma Membrane

cell growth

process by which a cell increases its size

Differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

integration center of a feed back mechanism

process information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision on what a response should be.

statistic test are used for what?

provide a statement of probability

what is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called?

receptor

therm

root

endocrinology

study of hormones

ia

suffix

Aristotle

super natural causes, but natural causes as well, and argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple components.

percussion

tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure

Bipedalism

the ability to walk upright on two legs

experimenter bias

the influence of the experimenter's expectations on the outcome of research

treatment group

the participants in an experiment who are exposed to the level of the independent variable that involves a medication, therapy, or intervention

Baroreceptors

the receptor located in the heart , aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes in response to fluctuations in blood pressure are known as

Reductionism

the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

comparative physiology

the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction

Pathophysiology

the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body

comparitive anatomy

the study of similarities and differences among structures of living species

the study of

the suffix -logy means what

Acronym

the term " PET" scan refers to a positron emission tomography scan. this is an example of anatomical terminology described as ?

Palpation

to examine by touch

Hypothesis

what is a educated speculation based upon observations that can be tested by experimentation called?

law of nature

what is a generalization about the predicable ways matter and energy behave called?

Endo-

within, inside