Chapter 1 Mechanisms of Disease

Karotype

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs

Which statement is true regarding the TNM (tumor, nodes, metastasis) cancer staging system? A. Assesses the size and extent of the spread of the primary tumor. B. Is a grading system based on the degree of differentiation of tumor cells. C. Both answer options are true. D. Neither answer options are true.

A. Assesses the size and extent of the spread of the primary tumor.

Which of the following is an example of an asymptomatic disease? A. Painless tumor B. Electrolyte imbalance C. Malnutrition D. Eczema

A. Painless tumor

Which statement is true of benign tumors? A. Tend to remain encapsulated B. Infiltrate surrounding tissue C. Do not compress surrounding tissue or obstruct organs D. Do not resemble the tissue of origin

A. Tend to remain encapsulated

The tumor Gleason grade reflects which information about the tumor? A. Stage B. Degree of abnormal microscopic appearance of the cells C. Location D. None of the answer options

B. Degree of abnormal microscopic appearance of the cells

Which of the following is a surgical procedure to withdraw spinal fluid for analysis? A. Psychotherapy B. Lumbar puncture C. Endoscopic D. Fluoroscopy

B. Lumbar puncture

______ is the scientific study of disease. A. Syndrome B. Pathology C. Homeostasis D. Predisposing factors

B. Pathology

Which of the following tests is performed to determine PSA level? A. Liver function test B. Serum blood test C. Intradermal tuberculin injection D. Gram stain

B. Serum blood test

Genetic diseases may be A. produced by an abnormality in or mutation of the genetic code in a single gene. B. caused by several abnormal genes. C. caused by the abnormal presence or absence of a chromosome or an alteration of the structure of chromosomes. D. All of the answer options

D. All of the answer options

Immune disorders are the result of a breakdown in the body's defense system that may generate which problems? A. Allergies B. Autoimmune diseases C. Immunodeficiency disorders D. All of the answer options

D. All of the answer options

preoperatively

before surgery

adipose

describing fatty tissue

Pathogenesis

development of disease; pathologic mechanisms

Auscultation

diagnostic technique of listening for sounds within the body

alopecia

partial or complete loss of hair

Identify a condition that induces the inflammatory response. A. Inherited mutations B. Malignant tumors C. Gender D. Necrosis

D. Necrosis

Immunodeficiency disorders result from A. an exudative response. B. physical trauma. C. motor vehicle accidents. D. a depressed or absent immune response.

D. a depressed or absent immune response.

A sudden onset of severe symptoms is known as ______________. A. intermittent B. developmental C. chronic D. acute

D. acute

allergen

a substance that causes an allergic reaction

antigen

any substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies

palliative

pertaining to treatment that reduces or relieves symptoms but that does not produce a cure

The medical term for a recording of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex of the brain is an ___________________. A. EEG B. EKG C. EMG D. PSG

A. EEG

Which order of steps is most accurate when making a diagnosis? A. Medical history, physical examination, diagnostic tests, diagnosis, integration of results, treatment B. Medical history, diagnostic tests, physical examination, treatment plan C. Physical examination, medical history, radiographs, prognosis, integration of all information D. Comparison of normal, physical examination, history, treatment plan, prognosis

A. Medical history, physical examination, diagnostic tests, diagnosis, integration of results, treatment

Signs of disease A. always cause symptoms. B. rarely correlate with symptoms. C. include abnormal objective findings. D. are always described by the patient.

C. include abnormal objective findings.

Mechanical and chemical barriers, the inflammatory response, and the immune response are A. risk factors for disease. B. the combined effects of inheritance and environmental factors. C. included in the body's natural defense system against infection. D. agents that damage deoxyribonucleic acid.

C. included in the body's natural defense system against infection.

Ischemia

holding back or obstructing the flow of blood

asymptomatic

without symptoms

Genetic testing can be used for forensic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing or ___________ testing. A. C&S B. paternity genetic C. bone marrow D. aspiration

B. paternity genetic

Nosocomial

hospital acquired infection

homeostasis

state of equilibrium within the body

Nociceptors

nerve that receives and transmits painful stimuli

ectotopic

situated in an unusual place away from it's normal location; occurring at the wrong time

metastasis

spreading of malignant disease or pathogenic microorganisms from one organ or part of the body to another not directly connected with it

The radiographic examination of breast tissue is known as ___________. A. mammogram B. Pap C. PSA D. Mantoux

A. mammogram

____________ testing is used to detect bacterial infections, syphilis, and infectious mononucleosis? A. Biopsies B. Immunoglobulin C. Serologic D. Liver function

C. Serologic

Which statement is true of malignant tumors? A. Tend to infiltrate other tissue. B. Tend to bleed, ulcerate, and become infected. C. May spread to distant sites in the body. D. All of the answer options

D. All of the answer options

Which of the following injection type is done for tuberculosis screening? A. Subcutaneous B. Intravenous C. Intramuscular D. Intradermal

D. Intradermal

Mutation

variation or change in genetic structure

The medical test for an electrodiagnostic assessment and recording of the activity of the skeletal muscles is called an ___________________. A. electromyogram B. electroencephalogram C. polysomnography D. lumbar punctures

A. electromyogram

Predisposing factors of disease A. precisely predict the occurrence of disease. B. make a person or group more vulnerable to disease. C. never overlap or occur in combination. D. can all be controlled by prevention.

B. make a person or group more vulnerable to disease.

Which statement(s) is/are correct regarding autoimmune diseases? A. The diseases allow the immune system to become self-destructive. B. Many serious diseases have a strong autoimmune component. C. Both answer options are correct. D. Both answer options are incorrect.

C. Both answer options are correct.

Which statement correctly states the sequence of an allergic response within the body? A. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies enter the body and produce an allergen. B. The release of histamine sensitizes mast cells and produces symptoms. C. Exposure to allergen stimulates production of IgE antibodies that can subsequently trigger symptoms of allergy. D. Histamine produces mast cells, which stimulate plasma cells.

C. Exposure to allergen stimulates production of IgE antibodies that can subsequently trigger symptoms of allergy.

Which hormone detects pregnancy? A. Pituitary B. Growth C. Human chorionic gonadotropin D. Thyroid-stimulating

C. Human chorionic gonadotropin

The medical term for excision of tissue from the living body. Followed by microscopic examination ___________. A. hematuria B. hematopoiesis C. biopsy D. barium

C. biopsy

Systemic manifestation(s) of severe allergic responses include which problem? A. Arthralgia B. Status asthmaticus C. Anaphylaxis D. All of the answer options

D. All of the answer options

biopsy

excision of tissue from the living body, followed by microscopic examination