Chapter 1 Oceanography

Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of organic molecules could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "pre-biotic soup").

hat did Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrate? Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of organic molecules could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "pre-biotic soup"). Stanley Miller simulated the current Earth in a bottle, demonstrating that life can exist on our planet. Stanley Miller synthesized pre-biotic materials to determine the salinity of ocean water. Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that organic molecules could not have been produced in Earth's early oceans. Stanley Miller conducted laboratory experiments that showed how water could be degassed from the Earth's interior.

Indian

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Adriatic B. Black C. Caspian D. Indian E. Mediterranean

B. Jurassic

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Devonian B. Jurassic C. Ordovician D. Permian E. Silurian

B Ptolemy

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Vasco de Gama B. Ptolemy C. Christopher Columbus D. John Cabot E. Ferdinand Magellan

A Atmosphere

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. atmosphere B. lithosphere C. asthenosphere D. mesosphere E. core

A Oxygen

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. oxygen B. water vapor C. carbon dioxide D. methane E. ammonia

first determination of Earth's circumference

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Eratosthenes first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe first determination of Earth's circumference

higher

Since the end of the last Ice Age, the melting of glaciers has caused continental landmasses to ride __________ with respect to the mantle. lower the same higher

Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World."

The European "Age of Discovery" began with: Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe. Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World." Viking voyages to North America. Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands. Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean.

nebula.

The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a: protoplanet. quasar. supernova. nebula. solar system.

3,682 meters (12,080 feet).

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately: 3,682 meters (12,080 feet). 840 meters (2,756 feet). 11,022 meters (36,161 feet). 2,172 meters (7,126 feet). none of the above.

hypothesis

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an: observation. law. theory. hypothesis. guess.

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest? Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles Insects and dinosaurs, trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles, flowering plants and fishes Trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of mostly hydrogen and helium, with only a small percentage of heavier elements

According to the nebular hypothesis, __________. all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of mostly hydrogen and helium, with only a small percentage of heavier elements most bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of mostly heavier elements with only a small amount of hydrogen and helium a few bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of mostly heavier elements, with only a small amount of hydrogen and helium all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of mostly heavier elements, with only a small amount of hydrogen and helium all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of hydrogen, helium, and heavier elements in equal amounts

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of mostly hydrogen and helium, with only a small percentage of heavier elements

According to the nebular hypothesis, __________. most bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of mostly heavier elements with only a small amount of hydrogen and helium all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of mostly heavier elements, with only a small amount of hydrogen and helium all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of mostly hydrogen and helium, with only a small percentage of heavier elements a few bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of mostly heavier elements, with only a small amount of hydrogen and helium all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of hydrogen, helium, and heavier elements in equal amounts

all of the above are correct.

All of the following were accomplishments of Captain James Cook except: exploring the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. measuring environmental characteristics such as water temperature. mapping of unknown islands, including Hawaii, in the Pacific. determining the outline of the Pacific Ocean. all of the above are correct.

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing.

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to: comets from outer space. release of liquid water from the core. water vapor released from volcanic outgassing. all of the above. none of the above.

the highest density materials concentrated toward Earth's core, whereas progressively lower density components form concentric spheres around the core toward the planet's surface

Density stratification in relation to Earth's interior results in __________. a homogeneous composition of Earth materials the highest density materials concentrated toward Earth's core, whereas progressively lower density components form concentric spheres around the core toward the planet's surface the lowest density materials concentrated at Earth's core, whereas progressively higher density components form concentric spheres around the core toward the planet's surface the densest materials migrating to mountains whereas the lightest materials end up in the oceans the densest materials migrating to oceans whereas the lightest materials end up on the mountains

The half-life of a material is the time required for one-half of the atoms in a sample to decay to other atoms. The older Earth material is, the more radioactive material will have been converted to decay product(s). Scientists can measure the amount of radioactive material and the amount of resulting decay product in the rocks. By comparing these two quantities, the age of the material can be determined.

Describe how the half-life of radioactive materials can be used to determine the age of a rock through radiometric age dating. Radioactive half-lives cannot be used to determine the age of rock. The decay of radioactive materials cannot be accurately measured. Radiometric age dating can determine relative dates of geologic materials, but it cannot give absolute or "hard dates" for the ages of rocks. Rocks can be measured by half-lives, but it is not an accurate or readily used technique. The half-life of a material is the time required for one-half of the atoms in a sample to decay to other atoms. The older Earth material is, the more radioactive material will have been converted to decay product(s). Scientists can measure the amount of radioactive material and the amount of resulting decay product in the rocks. By comparing these two quantities, the age of the material can be determined.

4.6 billion years old.

Earth is about: 40 billion years old. 4.6 billion years old. 400,000 years old. 4.6 million years old. 6,000 years old.

plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration

Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________. plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration bacterial action has produced essential methane volcanic outgassing produced essential nitrogen and argon plant photosynthesis has provided carbon dioxide the oceans have provided water vapor.

Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet (at least 4 billion years ago), its chemical composition must have changed due to the high carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide content in the early atmosphere, as well as volcanic outgassing of gases such as chlorine.

Have the oceans always been salty? Earth's oceans have occasionally been salty and occasionally been composed of freshwater. Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet (at least 4 billion years ago), its chemical composition must have changed due to the high carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide content in the early atmosphere, as well as volcanic outgassing of gases such as chlorine. Earth's oceans have a composition so erratic that we are unable to determine if oceans have always been salty. Earth's oceans have had a constant composition throughout their existence. Earth's oceans have never been salty.

Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle.

In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation? Select only one answer. Waves are usually caused by a distant storm. Waves lose little energy as they travel across the ocean. Waves are the result of a disturbance (release of energy) somewhere in the ocean. Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle. None of the above is an observation.

mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Ptolemy mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean first determination of Earth's circumference led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe

oceanic crust

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. basalt continental crust plastic (capable of flow) portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere lower portion of the mantle that is rigid oceanic crust crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer

composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. core gaseous and dusty space cloud (pre-cursor to a solar system) composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification outermost portion of the Earth composed largely of the igneous rocks basalt and granite

crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. lithosphere oceanic crust crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer lower portion of the mantle that is rigid plastic (capable of flow) portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere continental crust

contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. mantle outermost portion of the Earth composed largely of the igneous rocks basalt and granite the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification gaseous and dusty space cloud (pre-cursor to a solar system)

the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. solar system gaseous and dusty space cloud (pre-cursor to a solar system) outermost portion of the Earth composed largely of the igneous rocks basalt and granite contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer

Phoenicians

The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the: New Zealanders. Greeks. Vikings. Polynesians. Phoenicians.

Eratosthenes.

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was: Eratosthenes. Herodotus. Seneca. Pytheas. Ptolemy.

a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet

The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________. a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet discovery of a trade route from Europe around the African continent to India devising a means of fixing longitude while at sea the introduction of latitude and longitude lines on maps of the world exploration outside the Mediterranean and into the North Atlantic Ocea

Pacific Ocean.

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the: Southern Ocean. Atlantic Ocean. Pacific Ocean. Arctic Ocean. Indian Ocean.

crust and uppermost mantle

The lithosphere consists of Earth's __________. crust and ocean outer core upper mantle and hydrosphere crust and uppermost mantle lower mantle

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the: gravitational force created by the rotating Earth. initial collection of materials and their position in Earth. differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth. decrease in temperature downward toward the core. presence of water at Earth's surface.

is false because science never reaches an absolute truth, because we can never be certain that we have all of the observations

The term "scientific certainty" __________. is false because science never reaches an absolute truth, because we can never be certain that we have all of the observations is true because scientific theories are the absolute truth is true because science reaches an absolute truth when we are certain that we have most observations Scientific theories are descriptive generalizations about the behavior of an aspect of the natural world. is true because science reaches an absolute truth only when we are certain that we have all observations

mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets

The water in Earth's oceans came __________. completely from comets colliding with Earth mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets from condensation of water vapor in Earth's initial atmosphere from the melting of polar icecaps that formed when protoplanet Earth first cooled completely from volcanic outgassing

Seas are smaller and shallower bodies of saltwater, somewhat enclosed by land, but directly connected to the world oceans.

What is the difference between an ocean and a sea? Seas are larger and deeper, composed of both fresh and saltwater, and are directly connected to the world ocean. Seas are smaller, shallower, composed of freshwater, and somewhat enclosed by land. Seas are smaller and shallower bodies of saltwater, somewhat enclosed by land, but directly connected to the world oceans. Seas are bodies of water that are composed of saltwater, but are enclosed by land and therefore not directly connected to the world oceans. There is no difference between oceans and seas.

The earthquake in Haiti was the result of motion on a transform boundary, which does not produce any vertical motion of the sea floor, while the Chilean earthquake was the result of motion along a convergent plate boundary, which does.

Which of the following best describes why the 2010 earthquake in Chile caused a large tsunami while the 2010 earthquake in Haiti only caused a small and local tsunami? The earthquake in Haiti was too small to have produced a tsunami. The Chilean earthquake was much larger and thus able to produce a tsunami. The earthquake in Haiti was the result of motion on a transform boundary, which does not produce any vertical motion of the sea floor, while the Chilean earthquake was the result of motion along a convergent plate boundary, which does. Haiti is not located near an ocean while Chile is located near an ocean. The earthquake in Haiti was the result of motion on a convergent boundary, which does not produce any vertical motion of the sea floor, while the Chilean earthquake was the result of motion along a transform plate boundary, which does.

The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided a likely environment for life to develop.

Which of the following ideas about the development of life on Earth make scientific sense? Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. Early organisms likely evolved into more complex organisms. As life developed on Earth, it began to significantly change Earth's environment. The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided a likely environment for life to develop. The most primitive life on Earth needed sunlight to metabolize food.

Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.

Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE? Continental crust is thinner and denser than oceanic crust. Continental crust is thicker and denser than oceanic crust. Continental crust and oceanic crust have equivalent densities. Continental crust is thinner and less dense than oceanic crust. Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.