Chapter 1

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

"Administrative" section coordinates and supervises the operation of the other sections. It tells the input unit when info should be read into the memory unit, tells the ALU when info from the memory unit should used in calculations and tells the output unit when to send info from the memory unit to output devices.

Object-oriented programming (OOP)

Allows implementation of an object-oriented design as a working sytem.

Database

A collection of data that is organized for easy access and manipulation.

World Wide Web

A collection of hardware and software associated with the Internet that allows computer users to locate and view multimedia-based documents on almost any subject.

Fields

A group of characters or bytes that conveys meaning.

Record

A group of related fields.

Files

A group of related records.

Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) process

A process that involves analyzing and designing your system from an object-oriented point of view.

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

A single graphical language for communicating the results of any OOAD process. This is now the most widely used graphical scheme for modeling object-oriented systems.

Instance

An object is referred to as an ______ of its class.

Machine Language

Any computer can directly understand only its own _______ ________, defined by its hardware architecture. This generally consists of numbers, ultimately reduced to 1s to 0s.

Instance variables

Attributes are specified by the class's ____________ ____________.

Unicode

Character set which contains characters for many of the world's languages.

Encapsulate

Classes ___________ (i.e. wrap) attributes and methods into objects- an object's attributes and operations are intimately related.

Logical units

Computers can be envisioned as divided into various __________ ________ or sections.

Computer Programs

Computers process data under the control of sequences called ______________.

Data Hierarchy

Data items processed by computers form a _________ _________ that becomes larger and more complex in structure as we progress from simplest data items to richer data items. (i.e. bits to characters, etc)

Characters

Digits, letters and special symbols.

Moore's Law

Every year or two, the capacities of hardware have approx. doubled inexpensively.

HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) began to develop a technology for sharing info via "hyperlinked" text documents.

Class

In object-oriented programming, we create a program unit called a _________ to house the set of methods that perform its tasks. (i.e. a _______ that represents a bank account might contain one method to deposit money to an account, another to withdraw money and third to inquire.)

Bandwidth

Information carrying capacity of communications lines.

Information hiding

Objects may communicate with one another, but they're normally not allowed to know how other objects are implemented; implementation details are hidden within the objects themselves.

Computer Programmers

People that write computer programs.

Method

Performing a task in a program requires a _____________. This houses the program statements that actually performs a task. It hides these statements from the its user.

Objects

Reusable software components.

Method call

Sending messages to an object. Each message is implemented as a _____ _______ that tells a method of the object to perform its task.

Embedded systems

Smartphones, appliances, game controllers, cable set-top boxes and automobiles.

Code

The machine language numeric version of instructions. This term has become more broadly used and now refers to the program instructions in all levels of language.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

The popular subset of Unicode that represents uppercase and lowercase letters in the English alphabet, digits and some common special characters.

Software

The programs that run on a computer are referred to as ________________.

Memory unit

The rapid-access, relatively low-capacity "warehouse" section retains information that's entered through the input unit, making immediately available for processing when needed. It also retains processed info until it can be placed on output devices by the output unit. Info is typically lost when the computer's power is turned off.

Character set

The set of all the characters used to write programs and represent data items on that device.

Bits

The smallest data item in a computer that can assume the value of 0 or 1.

High-level languages

These were developed in which single statements could be written to accomplish substantial tasks. (C#, Visual Basic, C++, C and Java)

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

This "manufacturing" section performs calculations (i.e. addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) It also contains the decision mechanisms that allow the computer to compare two items from memory unit and determine whether they're equal.

Input Unit

This "receiving" section obtains info (data and computer programs) from __________ ________ and places it at the disposal of the other units for processing. (i.e. keyboards, touch screens, mouse devices, voice commands, scanning images and barcodes, reading from secondary storage devices, video from webcam, position data from GPS, game controllers.)

Output unit

This "shipping" section takes info that the computer has processed and places it on various ________ _________ to make it available for use outside the computer. (i.e. displayed on screens, played as audio or video on PCs or media devices, giant screens in sports stadiums, 3D printers, robots etc.)

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

This ensured that messages, consisting of sequentially numbered pieces called packers, were properly routed from sender to receiver, arrived intact and assembled in the correct order over the ARPAnet (aka the precursor for today's internet and Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US DoD).

Inheritance

This is how a new class can be created quickly and conveniently. The new class absorbs the characteristics of an existing class, possibly customizing them and adding unique characters of their own.

Secondary Storage Unit

This is the long-term, high-capacity "warehousing" section. It is preserved even when the computer is shut off (unlike the memory unit). (i.e. CD drives, DVD drives, and flash drives)

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Tim Berners-Lee wrote communication protocols to form the backbone of his new hypertext information system , World Wide Web.

Compilers

Translator programs that convert high-level language code into machine language code.

Hardware

Various computer devices such as the keyboard, screen, mouse, hard disks, memory. DVD drives and processing units.

Interpreter programs

_________ ____________ were developed to execute high-level programs directly (without the need for compilation), although more slowly than compiled programs.