Chapter 1 Reading

True or False: Deception in psychological research is not acceptable

False: Deception is sometimes necessary and is acceptable if ethical guidelines are followed

structuralism

Focus on identifying the elemental parts or structures of the human mind. Argued breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand human behavior.

External Validity

The degree to which an experimental design really reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address.

The Humanistic Approach

The humanistic approach emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one's destiny

_____ _is an approach that concentrates on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.

Functionalism

William James (1842-1910)

Functionalism - the goal is to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects they currently possess Broaden psychology to include animal behavior, religious experience, abnormal behavior : functionalism comes from his interest in how the mind functions to help us adapt to the environment : goal : to find out how the mind , perception, habits , and emotions, help us adapt and survive Influenced by Darwin Theory : functionalism is most apparent for evolutionary psychology

empirical method

Gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning.

The Cognitive Approach

How thinking shapes behaviour, irrational and negative thinking = abnormality individual is cause of behaviour

INDEPENDENT VS DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Independent variable is a manipulated experimental factor. The independent variable is the variable that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are; it is a potential cause. In the study of positive mood and meaning in life, the independent variable is mood (positive versus neutral), Dependent variable is the outcome—the factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable. In the study of mood and meaning in life, meaning in life was the dependent variable.

Who was a major proponent of the Functionalist Movement?

James

Descriptive Research

Just as its name suggests, descriptive research is about describing some phenomenon

Research Participant Bias

Occurs when the behavior of research participants during the experiment is influenced by how they think they are supposed to behave or their expectations about what is happening to them.

Experimenter Bias

Occurs when the experimenter's expectations influence the outcome of the research.

LONGITUDINAL DESIGNS

One way that correlational researchers can deal with the issue of causation is to employ a special kind of systematic observation called a longitudinal design. Longitudinal research involves observing and measuring the same variables periodically over time.

Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Let's consider the three key terms in this definition: science, behavior, and mental processes.

Internal Validity

Which refers to the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

_____Developed the first laboratory developed for psychological research

Wilhelm Wundt

Biological Approach

focus on the body, especially the brain and nervous system

Introspection

literally, "looking inside"). For this type of research, a person sat in a laboratory and was asked to think (to introspect) about what was going on mentally as various events took place.

Double Blind Experiment

neither the experimenter administering the treatment nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated.

The Sociocultural Approach

schools of thought strongly suggest that an individuals historical background, societal factors, and cultural values play a role in the development of human behavior ?

Correlational Research

tells us about the relationships between variables, and its purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together

Confederate

A person who is given a role o play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Experimental Research

An experiment is a carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable.

Demand Characteristics

Any aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave.

The biologicial approach to psychology focuses on the ______ and ______system

Brain, Nervous

A(n) ______study is an in depth analysis of an individual or small group of people.

Case

Experimental Group

Consists of the participants in an experiment who receive the treatment that is of interest to the researcher, or a particular drug under study—that is, the participants who are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents.

John B. Watson (1878-1958) and B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Dominated Psychological Behavioral research

The Psychodynamic Approach

Emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (such as the drive for sex) and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences.

The Evolutionary Approach

Evolutionary approach uses evolutionary ideas such as adaption, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors

Placebo Effect

Experimental results caused by expectations alone

Which approach to psychology did Wilhelm Wundt endorse?

Structuralism

Validity

The soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment.

Critical Thinking

Thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence

Mental Processes

Thoughts, feelings, motives that people experience privately but cannot be observed directly.

Control Group

Treated as much like the experimental group as possible and is treated in every way like the experimental group except for that change.

_____is the soundness of the conclusions that can be drawn from the experiment.

Validity

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

Wundt founded the first psychology laboratory (with his two coworkers) in 1879 at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Their approach was called structuralism because of its focus on identifying the elemental parts or structures of the human mind. The method they used in the study of mental structures was introspection

Which of these are mental processes? Remembering, Dreaming, Solving a math problem.

all of them

Case history

an in depth look at a single individual

The Behavioral Approach

emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants. It focuses on an organism's visible behaviors, not thoughts or feelings. The psychologists who adopt this approach are called behaviorists.

Naturalistic Observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

When a researcher wants to correlate tension with depression, she develops tests that measure these two emotional states. The tests are her ____________ of the variables she is interested in.

operational definitions