chapter 1 stats

Select all the levels of measurement for which data can be qualitative. Nominal Ordinal Ratio Interval

Nominal Ordinal

Determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning. Distance in miles to nearest outdoor stadium Distance in miles to nearest outdoor stadium A. The variable is quantitative because distance in miles is found by measuring or counting B. The variable is qualitative because distance in miles describes an an attribute or characteristic. C. The variable is quantitative because distance in miles describes an an attribute or characteristic. D. The variable is qualitative because distance in miles is found by measuring or counting

The variable is quantitative because distance in miles is found by measuring or counting

The two main branches of statistics are

descriptive and inferential statistics.

In a survey of 1491 adults in a​ country, 54​% said the​ country's leader should release all medical information that might affect their ability to serve. The study is----because it ----- apply a treatment to the adults.

observational, does not

Determine whether the underlined value is a parameter or a statistic. The average age of men who have walked on the moon was 39 years 11 months 15 days Is the value a parameter or a​ statistic?

parameter

shapes of a pillow The variable is----because shapes are ------

qualitative attributes or labels.

What are the advantages of an open​ question? Select all that apply. A. An open question allows the respondent to go​ in-depth with their answer. B. An open question allows for new solutions to be introduced. C. It is easy to quantify the responses of open questions. D. It is easy to compare the results of surveys with open questions.

A. An open question allows the respondent to go​ in-depth with their answer. B. An open question allows for new solutions to be introduced.

What are the disadvantages of a closed​ question? Select all that apply. A. Closed questions may not provide appropriate alternative responses. B. Closed questions allow for new solutions to be introduced. C. It is difficult to quantify and compare the results of surveys with closed questions. D. The form of the question may influence the opinion of the respondent.

A. Closed questions may not provide appropriate alternative responses. D. The form of the question may influence the opinion of the respondent.

What are the disadvantages of an open​ question? Select all that apply. A. It is difficult to compare the results of surveys with open questions. B. The form of the question may influence the opinion of the respondent. C. It is difficult to quantify the responses of open questions. D. An open question limits the possible responses of the respondent.

A. It is difficult to compare the results of surveys with open questions. B. The form of the question may influence the opinion of the respondent. C. It is difficult to quantify the responses of open questions.

What are the advantages of a closed​ question? Select all that apply. A. It is easy to quantify and compare the results of surveys with closed questions. B. Closed questions allow the respondent to go​ in-depth with their answers. C. It is possible to automate the collection of results for closed questions. D. Closed questions allow for new solutions to be introduced.

A. It is easy to quantify and compare the results of surveys with closed questions. C. It is possible to automate the collection of results for closed questions.

In a recent​ study, volunteers who had 8 hours of sleep were three times more likely to answer questions correctly on a math test than were​ sleep-deprived participants. Which part of the study represents the descriptive branch of​ statistics? A. The statement​ "three times more likely to answer questions​ correctly" is an example of descriptive statistics. B. The statement​ "8 hours of​ sleep" is an example of descriptive statistics. C. The statement​ "In a recent​ study" is an example of descriptive statistics.

A. The statement​ "three times more likely to answer questions​ correctly" is an example of descriptive statistics.

(b) Identify a potential problem with the experiment design being used and suggest a way to improve it. Choose the correct answer below. A. There may be a bias on the part of the researcher if the researcher knows which patients were given the real drug. B. There may be a bias on part of the experiment since only females are being tested. C. There are no biases present. D. There may be a bias on the part of the patients since they do not know if they were given the placebo or the real drug.

A. There may be a bias on the part of the researcher if the researcher knows which patients were given the real drug.

Suppose a survey of 913 car buyers found that more than 22​% bought leather seats. Which part of the survey represents the descriptive branch of​ statistics? Make an inference based on the results of the survey. Choose the best statement of the descriptive statistic in the problem. A. 22​% of car car buyers in the sample bought leather seats. B. 913 car buyers were surveyed. C. There is no association between car buyers and buying leather seats D. Most car buyers do not buy leather seats.

A. 22​% of car car buyers in the sample bought leather seats.

A placebo is an actual treatment. A. The statement is false. A placebo is a fake treatment. B. The statement is true. C. The statement is false. A placebo is giving the subjects no treatment at all. D. The statement is false. A placebo is a process of randomly assigning subjects to treatment groups.

A. The statement is false. A placebo is a fake treatment.

A​ double-blind experiment is used to increase the placebo effect. A. The statement is false. Double blinding is used to decrease the placebo effect. B. The statement is false. Double blinding has no effect on the placebo effect. C. The statement is true. D. The statement is false. Double blinding is used to increase the randomization.

A. The statement is false. Double blinding is used to decrease the placebo effect.

The salary of 12 teachers in a school A. This is a sample​, because it is a collection of salaries for some teachers in the school. B. This is a​ sample, because it is a collection of salaries for all teachers in the school. C. This is a​ population, because it is a collection of salaries for some teachers in the school.salaries for some teachers in the school. nothing D. This is a population​, because it is a collection of salaries for all teachers in the school.

A. This is a sample​, because it is a collection of salaries for some teachers in the school.

It is impossible for the Census Bureau to obtain all the census data about the population of the United States. The statement is true. A. Your answer is correct. B. The statement is false. It is possible for the Census Bureau to obtain all the census data about the population of some states. C. The statement is false. It is possible for the Census Bureau to obtain all the census data about the population of the United States.

A. Your answer is correct.

Determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning. Eye color A.The variable is qualitative because color describes an attribute or characteristic. B. The variable is qualitative because color is found by measuring or counting. C. The variable is quantitative because color describes an attribute or characteristic. D. The variable is quantitative because color is found by measuring or counting.

A.The variable is qualitative because color describes an attribute or characteristic.

What is an inherent​ zero? A. An inherent zero is a value that the variable can take. B. An inherent zero is a zero that implies none. C. An inherent zero is a zero that occurs in the data set naturally.

An inherent zero is a zero that implies none

What is the difference between a census and a​ sampling? A. A census splits the population into two or more groups and includes every member of one of those groups. A sampling only includes some members of that group. B. A census includes the entire population. A sampling includes only part of the population. C. Both a census and a sampling include the entire​ population, but a census orders the population according to some list. D. A sampling includes the entire population. A census includes only part of the population.

B. A census includes the entire population. A sampling includes only part of the population.

Select three examples of data sets that have inherent zeros below. A. Average IQ score of a high school class B. Average age of college students in years C. Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit D. Maximum wind speed during a hurricane E. Average monthly precipitation in inches F. A​ student's level of happiness measured from 0 to 10

B. Average age of college students in years D. Maximum wind speed during a hurricane . E. Average monthly precipitation in inches

A statistic is a measure that describes a population characteristic. A. True. B. False. A statistic is a measure that describes a sample characteristic. C. False. A statistic is the science of​ collecting, organizing,​ analyzing, and interpreting data in order to make decisions.

B. False. A statistic is a measure that describes a sample characteristic.

Observational studies are sometimes referred to as natural experiments. Explain what this means. A. In an observational​ study, subjects are paired up according to a similarity. B. In an observational​ study, a researcher measures characteristics of interest of a part of a population but does not change existing conditions. C. In an observational​ study, a treatment is applied to part of a population and responses are observed. D. In an observational​ study, subjects are assigned to different treatment groups through random selection.

B. In an observational​ study, a researcher measures characteristics of interest of a part of a population but does not change existing conditions.

Suppose a survey of 913 car buyers found that more than 22​% bought leather seat Choose the best inference from the given information. A. There is no association between car buyers and buying leather r seats. B. Most car buyers do not buy leather seats. C. 22​%of car buyers in the sample bought leather seats. D. 913 car buyers were surveyed.

B. Most car buyers do not buy leather seats.

A survey of 12,096 women in a particular country found that 47.1​% received an influenza vaccine for a recent flu season. Identify the population and the sample. Identify population: A. The immunization status of the 12,096 women selected B. The immunization status of all women in the country C. The 12,096 women selected D. All women in the country

B. The immunization status of all women in the country

A sample statistic will not change from sample to sample. A. The statement is false. A sample parameter will not change from sample to sample. B. The statement is false. A sample statistic can change from sample to sample. C. The statement is false. A population statistic will not change from population to population. D. The statement is true.

B. The statement is false. A sample statistic can change from sample to sample.

What is the difference between a random sample and a simple random​ sample? A. With a random​ sample, all samples of the same size have the same chance of being selected. With a simple random​ sample, each individual has the same chance of being selected. B. With a random​ sample, each individual has the same chance of being selected. With a simple random​ sample, all samples of the same size have the same chance of being selected.

B. With a random​ sample, each individual has the same chance of being selected. With a simple random​ sample, all samples of the same size have the same chance of being selected.

How often do you go out walking during an average week​? Is the question​ biased? A. ​No, because it influences the respondent into thinking that going out walking good for you. B. ​No, because it does not lead the respondent to any particular answer. C. ​Yes, because it influences the respondent into thinking that going out walking is good for you. A better question would be​ "Do you think that going out walking is good for​ you?" D. ​Yes, because it does not lead the respondent to any particular answer. A better question would be​ "Why is going out walking good for​ you?"

B. ​No, because it does not lead the respondent to any particular answer.

After a flood​, a disaster area is divided into 250 equal grids. Fifty of the grids are​ selected, and every occupied household in the grid is interviewed to help focus relief efforts on what residents require the most. What potential sources of bias are​ present, if​ any? Select all that apply. A. Certain grids may have been much more severely damaged than others. Severely damaged grids may have fewer occupied households. Your answer is correct. B. The sample only consists of grids that are easy to get. These grids may not be representative of the population. C. Certain grids may have been much more severely damaged than others. The grids that are selected may not be representative in terms of damage. D. There are no potential sources of bias.

C. Certain grids may have been much more severely damaged than others. The grids that are selected may not be representative in terms of damage.

After a flood​, a disaster area is divided into 250 equal grids. Fifty of the grids are​ selected, and every occupied household in the grid is interviewed to help focus relief efforts on what residents require the most. What type of sampling is​ used? A. Stratified sampling is​ used, since the disaster area is divided into​ grids, and a random sample is taken from each grid. B. Cluster sampling is​ used, since the disaster area is divided into​ grids, and a random sample is taken from each grid. C. Cluster sampling is​ used, since the disaster area is divided into​ grids, and some of those grids are selected and everyone in those grids is interviewed. D. Stratified sampling is​ used, since the disaster area is divided into​ grids, and some of those grids are selected and everyone in those grids is interviewed.

C. Cluster sampling is​ used, since the disaster area is divided into​ grids, and some of those grids are selected and everyone in those grids is interviewed.

Using a systematic sample guarantees that members of each group within a population will be sampled. A.True. B. False. Using a cluster sample guarantees that members of each group within a population will be sampled. C. False. Using a stratified sample guarantees that members of each group within a population will be sampled.

C. False. Using a stratified sample guarantees that members of each group within a population will be sampled.

In a recent​ study, volunteers who had 8 hours of sleep were three times more likely to answer questions correctly on a math test than were​ sleep-deprived participants. Make an inference based on the results of the study. A. It is a good idea to get 8 hours of sleep a night. B. Math problems are difficult. C. Individuals who are not sleep deprived will be more likely to answer math questions correctly than individuals who are sleep deprived.

C. Individuals who are not sleep deprived will be more likely to answer math questions correctly than individuals who are sleep deprived.

Why is a sample used more often than a​ population? A. All samples are representative of a​ population, so the population does not need to be used. B. Sample statistics are more accurate than the population parameter. C. It is usually impossible to count the entire population. Your answer is correct. D. Inferences cannot be made when using the population.

C. It is usually impossible to count the entire population. Your answer is correct.

What is replication in an​ experiment? Why is replication​ important? A. Replication is repetition of an experiment under different conditions. Replication is important because it reduces the validity of the results. B. Replication is repetition of an experiment under different conditions. Replication is important because it enhances the validity of the results. C. Replication is repetition of an experiment under the same or similar conditions. Replication is important because it enhances the validity of the results. D. Replication is repetition of an experiment under the same or similar conditions. Replication is important because it reduces the validity of the results.

C. Replication is repetition of an experiment under the same or similar conditions. Replication is important because it enhances the validity of the results.

A pharmaceutical company wants to test the effectiveness of a new allergy drug. The company identifies 250 females​ 30-35 years old who suffer from severe allergies. The subjects are randomly assigned into two groups. One group is given the new allergy drug and the other is given a placebo that looks exactly like the new allergy drug. After six​ months, the​ subjects' symptoms are studied and compared. (a) Identify the experimental units and treatments used in this experiment. Choose the correct answer below. A. The experimental unit is the new allergy drug. The treatments are the severe allergies the patients suffer from. B. The experimental units are the​ 30- to​ 35-year-old females being given the treatment. The treatment is six months. C. The experimental units are the​ 30- to​ 35-year-old females being given the treatment. The treatment is the new allergy drug. D. The experimental units are the symptoms from the drug. The treatment is the new allergy drug.

C. The experimental units are the​ 30- to​ 35-year-old females being given the treatment. The treatment is the new allergy drug.

Corn is planted on a54​-acre field. The field is divided into​ one-acre subplots. A sample is taken from each subplot to estimate the harvest. What potential sources of bias are​ present, if​ any? Select all that apply. A. It is possible​ that, due to sampling​ error, the sample will not be representative. B. The sample only consists of the corn plants that are easiest to reach. This may not be representative of the entire population. C. Certain subplots may have more or fewer corn plants than others. Samples from these subplots may bias the overall sample. D. There are no potential sources of bias.

Certain subplots may have more or fewer corn plants than others. Samples from these subplots may bias the overall sample.

In a recent​ study, volunteers who had 8 hours of sleep were three times more likely to answer questions correctly on a math test than were​ sleep-deprived participants. a) Identify the sample used in the study. A. The sample is the amount of sleep the volunteers got in the study. B. The sample is the​ sleep-deprived participants in the study. C. The sample is the math questions in the study. D. The sample is the responses of the volunteers in the study.

D. The sample is the responses of the volunteers in the study.

The most popular car manufacturer among the35residents of a retirement community A. The study would use a sampling. The study would use cluster sampling because the residents of a retirement community fall into naturally occurring subgroups. B. The study would use a sampling. The study would use simple random sampling because it would be easy to randomly select 35 residents of a retirement community. C. The study would use a sampling. The study would use stratified sampling because it would be important to have members from each segment of the population. D. The study is a census​, because the population is small enough for it to be practical to record all of the responses.

D. The study is a census​, because the population is small enough for it to be practical to record all of the responses.

(c) How could this experiment be designed to be a​ double-blind? Choose the correct answer below. A. The study would be a​ double-blind study if the patient knew if they received the real drug or the placebo but the researcher did not. B. The study would be a​ double-blind study if both the researcher and the patient knew if they received the real drug or the placebo. C. The study would be a​ double-blind study if all patients received the placebo and no patient received the real drug. D. The study would be a​ double-blind study if both the researcher and the patient did not know which patient received the real drug or the placebo.

D. The study would be a​ double-blind study if both the researcher and the patient did not know which patient received the real drug or the placebo.

Select three examples of data sets that do not have inherent zeros below. A. Average IQ score of a high school class B. Average age of college students in years C. Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit D. Maximum wind speed during a hurricane E. Average monthly precipitation in inches F. A​ student's level of happiness measured from 0 to 10

F. A​ student's level of happiness measured from 0 to 10 A. Average IQ score of a high school class C. Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit

Determine whether the underlined numerical value is a parameter or a statistic. Explain your reasoning. In a certain soccer league 43% of the 14 teams had won more games than they had lost. A. Parameter because the data set of a sample of teams in a league sample of teams in a league is a sample. B. Parameter because the data set of a sample of teams in a league sample of teams in a league is a population. C. Statistic because the data set of all 14 teams 14 teams is a sample. D. Statistic, because the data set of a sample of teams in a league sample of teams in a league is a sample. E. Parameter​, because the data set of all 14 teams 14 teams is a sample. F. Statistic​, because the data set of a sample of teams in a league sample of teams in a league is a population. G. Statistic​, because the data set of all 14 teams is a population. H. Parameter​, because the data set of all 14 teams is a population.

Parameter​, because the data set of all 14 teams is a population.

The age of each member of the house of representatives ​A. Sample, because it is a collection of ages for all members of the House of Representatives but there are more departments in the government. B. ​Population, because it is a collection of ages for all members of the House of Representatives.Representatives. C. ​Population, because it is a subset of all government officials.all government officials. D. ​Sample, because it is a collection of ages for some members of the House of-ages for some members of the House of Representatives.

Population, because it is a collection of ages for all members of the House of Representatives.

Corn is planted on a54​-acre field. The field is divided into​ one-acre subplots. A sample is taken from each subplot to estimate the harvest. What type of sampling is​ used? A. Stratified sampling is​ used, since the field is divided into subplots and a random sample is taken from each subplot. Your answer is correct. B. Cluster sampling is​ used, since the field is divided into​ subplots, a number of subplots are​ selected, and every corn plant in the selected subplots is sampled. C. Convenience sampling is​ used, since the corn plants closest to the barn are sampled. D. Simple random sampling is​ used, since each sample of corn plants of the same amount has the same chance of being selected.

Stratified sampling is​ used, since the field is divided into subplots and a random sample is taken from each subplot.

In a recent​ study, volunteers who had 8 hours of sleep were three times more likely to answer questions correctly on a math test than were​ sleep-deprived participants. What is the​ sample's population? A. The population is the collection of all the math questions from the math test. B. The population is the collection of all the individuals who completed the math test. C. The population is the collection of the responses of all individuals who completed the math test.

The population is the collection of the responses of all individuals who completed the math test

Data at the ratio level cannot be put in order. A. The statement is false. A true statement is​ "Data at the ratio level can be placed in a meaningful​ order." B. The statement is false. A true statement is​ "Data at the ratio level can be​ ordered, although it is impossible to determine if one data value is a multiple of​ another." C. The statement is false. A true statement is​ "Data at the ratio level can be​ ordered, although it is impossible to subtract data​ values." D. The statement is true.

The statement is false. A true statement is​ "Data at the ratio level can be placed in a meaningful​ order."

For data at the interval​ level, you cannot calculate meaningful differences between data entries. A. The statement is false. A true statement is​ "For data at the interval​ level, you​ can't order​ them, but you can calculate meaningful differences between data​ entries." B. The statment is false. A true statement is​ "For data at the interval​ level, you cannot calculate meaningful differences between data​ entries." C. The statement is false. A true statement is​ "For data at the interval​ level, you can calculate meaningful differences between data​ entries." D. The statement is true.

The statement is false. A true statement is​ "For data at the interval​ level, you can calculate meaningful differences between data​ entries."