chapter 1 tools of science

Density

Density is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... The average density of an object equals its total mass divided by its total volume. An object made from a comparatively dense material (such as iron) will have less volume than an object of equal mass made from some less dense substance (such as water).

Empirical evidence

Empirical evidence is information acquired by observation or experimentation. Scientists record and analyze this data. The process is a central part of the scientific method.

Mass

In physics, the property of matter that measures its resistance to acceleration. Roughly, the mass of an object is a measure of the number of atoms in it. The basic unit of measurement for mass is the kilogram.

input

Input is to provide or give something to the computer, in other words the state/act of a computer, component of a computer or relevant device being accepting something from the user, from a device or from a piece of software either automatically or manually is called input.

Qualitative Observations

Qualitative observations use your senses to observe the results.

Quantitative Observations

Quantitative observations are made with instruments such as rulers, balances, graduated cylinders, beakers, and thermometers. These results are measurable.

Scientific model

Scientific modelling is a scientific activity, the aim of which is to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate by referencing it to existing and usually commonly accepted knowledge.

SI unit of measurement

The SI base units and their physical quantities are the metre for measurement of length, the kilogram for mass, the second for time, the ampere for electric current, the kelvin for temperature, the candela for luminous intensity, and the mole for amount of substance.

Repetition

The act or process or an instance of repeating or being repeated.

Replication

The action of copying or reproducing something. In contrast, when a well-designed experiment is being replicated, the choices have all been made beforehand, as the replication follows exactly the same protocols as the original study.

Controlled Experiment

The control variable in scientific experimentation is the experimental element which is constant and unchanged throughout the course of the investigation.

Subjective reasoning

The differences between objective and subjective can be hard to tell but in the end it boils down to one is an actual fact and the other is just an opinion. A subjective way of reasoning is when it is a person's opinion on a topic.

Weight

The weight of an object is the force of gravity on the object and may be defined as the mass times the acceleration of gravity, w = mg. Since the weight is a force, its SI unit is the newton. Density is mass/volume.

Volume

Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space occupied by a liquid, solid, or gas. Common units used to express volume include liters, cubic meters, gallons, milliliters, teaspoons and ounces

Objective reasoning

When its truth conditions are met without biases caused by feelings, ideas, opinions, etc., of a sentient subject.

Pseudoscience

a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method.

Output

the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry.

Water cycle

the cycle of processes by which water circulates between the earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land, involving precipitation as rain and snow, drainage in streams and rivers, and return to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration.

Carbon cycle

the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, chiefly involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.

Dependent Variable

A dependent variable is what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment. ... It is called dependent because it "depends" on the independent variable. In a scientific experiment, you cannot have a dependent variable without an independent variable.

Hypothesis

A hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation

Scientific law

A law in science is a generalized rule to explain a body of observations in the form of a verbal or mathematical statement. Scientific laws imply a cause and effect between the observed elements and must always apply under the same conditions.

Scientific method

A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

Process

A naturally occurring or designed sequence of changes of properties or attributes of an object or system. (science) A method or event that results in a transformation in a physical or biological object, a substance or an organism; a change from one state to another.

Scientific theory

A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of the real world.

Independent Variable

An independent variable is defines as the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment. ... Independent variables are the variables that the experimenter changes to test their dependent variable. A change in the independent variable directly causes a change in the dependent variable.