Chapter 1: why science?
Which ethical guideline would a scientist be breaking if they talked to police to find out personal information about individuals without those individuals' consent? Question 15 options: 1) informed consent 2) privacy 3) deception 4) autonomy 5) non-maleficence
2) Privacy. Researchers should not make observations of people in private places such as their bedrooms without their knowledge and consent. Researchers should not seek confidential information from others, such as school authorities, without consent of the participant or his or her guardian.
Professor Brown is a psychologist who conducts intelligence research using students from his own courses as his participants. One day he comes into class and posts the results of intelligence tests on the board with each student's name. Professor Brown has forgotten to attend to which ethical obligation in research? Question 8 options: 1) confidentiality 2) informed consent 3) privacy 4) deception 5) debriefing
1) Confidentiality. Information that researchers learn about individual participants should not be made public without the consent of the individual.
When we develop ______ (groups of closely related phenomena or observations) in science, we must do so in a way that can be tested. Otherwise there is no way to prove (or disprove) them. Question 17 options: 1) theories 2) schemata 3) examples 4) concepts 5) prototypes
1) Theories Groups of closely related phenomena or observations.
Shalva suggests that most people outside of industralized societies do not have telephones in their home. Loni disagrees, and would most accurately respond in which of the following ways? Question 16 options: 1) Actually, about three-quarters of the world's population now have access to a mobile phone! 2) It isn't just Western societies that have phones. Most people in Asian societies also have phones in their homes. 3) Actually, more than half of the homes in America and Europe are without a working telephone. 4) There is no way to know for certain how many people have telephones. 5) Due to government initiatives across the world, almost every home on every continent now has access to a working telephone.
1) three quarters of the world's population has access to a mobile phone! These days we find that 80% of all households have television and 84% have electricity. It is estimated that three quarters of the world's population has access to a mobile phone! Life expectancy was 47 years in 1900 and 79 years in 2010. The percentage of hungry and malnourished people in the world has dropped substantially across the globe. Even average levels of I.Q. have risen dramatically over the past century due to better nutrition and schooling.
To demonstrate the vast changes that have taken place in the world around us over the last century, consider that average human life expectancy in 1900 was ______ years, and that number has jumped to 79 years in 2010. Question 4 options: 1) 55 2) 47 3) 32 4) 40 5) 60
2) 47 Life expectancy was 47 years in 1900 and 79 years in 2010.
______ are professional guidelines that offer researchers a path for making decisions that protect their participants from potential harm. Question 7 options: 1) Welfares 2) Ethics 3) Rights 4) Morals 5) Laws
2) Ethics Definition: Professional guidelines that offer researchers a template for making decisions that protect research participants from potential harm and that help steer scientists away from conflicts of interest or other situations that might compromise the integrity of their research.
Dr. Morabian is conducting research that was inspired by studies published 10 years before he got his doctorate. He reads those studies, thinks about how they can be improved, and designs research that will extend their findings. Dr. Morabian's work demonstrates that science is: Question 19 options: 1) cumulative 2) democratic 3) relative 4) theft 5) objective
2) cumulative. We can learn the important truths discovered by earlier scientists and build on them. Any physics student today knows more about physics than Sir Isaac Newton did even though Newton was possibly the most brilliant physicist of all time. A crucial aspect of scientific progress is that after we learn of earlier advances, we can build upon them and move farther along the path of knowledge.
In what way have scientists Fritz Haber and Norman Borlaug helped to save more than a billion human lives on our planet? Question 12 options: 1) They developed a method of "patching" the holes in the ozone layer that may have been caused by human emissions. 2) They developed hybrid agricultural crops and synthetic fertilizer that allowed us to produce adequate food for the planet. 3) They developed a method for growing crops in the arctic tundra. 4) They developed medications to vaccinate people against HIV and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.
2) producing hybrid agricultural crops and synthetic fertilizer They created the "Green Revolution" by producing hybrid agricultural crops and synthetic fertilizer. Humanity can now produce food for the seven billion people on the planet, and the starvation that does occur is related to political and economic factors rather than our collective ability to produce food.
In order to make sure that research is conducted in a way that protects the welfare and dignity of its participants, psychology has developed a code of ______ that governs all such exploration. Question 10 options: 1) decency 2) morality 3) ethics 4) professionalism 5) conduct
3) Ethics Scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines for research known as a code of ethics. There are extensive ethical guidelines for how human participants should be treated in psychological research
Which notable individual, who was a cousin of evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin, is credited with inventing the self-report questionnaire that allowed people to offer their own judgments or opinions on various matters? Question 3 options: 1) William James 2) David Buss 3) Francis Galton 4) Wilhelm Stern 5) Stanley Hall
3) Francis Galton Galton used patches of color to test people's ability to distinguish between them. He also invented the self-report questionnaire, in which people offered their own expressed judgments or opinions on various matters. Galton was able to use self-reports to examine—among other things—people's differing ability to accurately judge distances.
Dr. Miller-Lewis is conducting research aimed at understanding how elderly people can best thrive when residing in an assisted-living facility. She has several logical ideas that can be tested in her research. These ideas, which might be thought of as educated guesses, are called ______. Question 11 options: 1) methods 2) theories 3) hypotheses 4) empiricisms 5) abstractions
3) Hypotheses A logical idea that can be tested
Sometimes considered the core of science, ______ refers to the careful monitoring (or watching) of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Question 2 options: 1) longitudinal research 2) statistical analysis 3) systematic observation 4) the scientific method 5) experimentation
3) Systematic observation is the core of science The careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world.
Oladipo volunteers to be a participant in a research study. When he arrives at the laboratory, he is given a handout that describes the basic purposes of the research and explains that they are not obligated to participate in the study. This handout is related to the ethical consideration of ______ . Question 13 options: 1) non-maleficence 2) privacy 3) informed consent 4) confidentiality 5) debriefing
3) informed consent Informed consent. In general, people should know when they are involved with research, and understand what will happen to them during the study. They should then be given a free choice as to whether to participate.
According to the code of ethics that governs research in psychology, which of the following statements regarding the use of deception is the most accurate? 1) Deception may be used in research as long as an institutional review board has approved it. It does not need to be shared with research participants. 2) As long as deception is explained in the research report, it is ethical to use. 3) Research cannot be conducted unless deception is used, otherwise participants can "fake" the data. 4) Deception may be used when necessary, but must be followed by a debriefing after the research participation is complete. 5) Deception is unethical and should never be used in psychological research.
4) Deception may be used when necessary, but must be followed by a debriefing after the research participation is complete
methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation. Question 18 options: 1) Ethical 2) Nomothetic 3) Scientific 4) Idiographic 5) Empirical
5) Empirical (Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation.)
Which of the following titles of an academic paper best reflects the notion that science is democratic? Question 1 options: 1) Ethics: Who Needs the American Psychological Association? 2) Statistics: They NEVER Lie! 3) The Myth that Publications Lead to Academic Job Security. 4) To Experiment or Not to Experiment, that is the Question. 5) Look at the Data and Form Your Own Opinion.
5) Look at the Data and Form Your Own Opinion
If a psychology study employs deception as part of its methods, the participants must be informed of that deception before their contribution is completed. This opportunity to educate research participants about the true nature of study is called ______. Question 14 options: 1) consented informing 2) due process 3) exfiltration 4) confiding 5) debriefing
5) debriefing Deception. Some researchers need to deceive participants in order to hide the true nature of the study. This is typically done to prevent participants from modifying their behavior in unnatural ways. Researchers are required to "debrief" their participants after they have completed the study. Debriefing is an opportunity to educate participants about the true nature of the study.
To demonstrate the enormous contributions that science has made to social and technological changes over the past century, your text author cites the work of Dr. Edward Jenner. Sometimes called the "father of immunology," Jenner's work directly led to the development of a vaccine that led to the eradication of ______. Question 9 options: 1) polio 2) pertussis 3) measles 4) rubella 5) smallpox
5) smallpox Dr. Edward Jenner is often considered the "father of immunology" because he was among the first to conceive of and test vaccinations. His pioneering work led directly to the eradication of smallpox. Many other diseases have been greatly reduced because of vaccines discovered using science—measles, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, typhoid, cholera, polio, hepatitis—and all are the legacy of Jenner
These days, researchers find that about ______ percent of homes across the world have a television, demonstrating the ease with which information can be transmitted to populations. Question 6 options: 1) 100 2) 50 3) 10 4) 80 5) 25
80 These days we find that 80% of all households have television and 84% have electricity. It is estimated that three quarters of the world's population has access to a mobile phone! Life expectancy was 47 years in 1900 and 79 years in 2010. The percentage of hungry and malnourished people in the world has dropped substantially across the globe. Even average levels of I.Q. have risen dramatically over the past century due to better nutrition and schooling.
Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation? Question 5 options: 1) Is it ethical to conduct research on animals? 2) Do teenagers spend more time on their cellphones in a shopping mall than do adults? 3) What motivates people to visit public parks? 4) What religion has the best understanding of a higher power? 5) Is the work of Pablo Picasso better or worse than the work of Paul Rodin?
Definition: Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation