Chapter 10

emission from the United States

-5% of the world's population -supports 23% of the world's economy -produces 18% of global greenhouse gas - per capita emissions = over 20 tons of CO2 per person (the largest in the world)

6. decreasing the overall demand for power through conservation

-residential and commercial buildings are responsible for 15% of greenhouse gas emissions -most of this comes from the use of electricity -tax breaks for the use of efficient technology

SMART goals

-specific -measurable -achievable -realistic -deliverable/ on time -help reduce green house gas emissions

population growth

-the population of the world reached 7 billion in 2011 and is growing at over 1% a year -by 2050 there may be 9 billion people on earth -highest growth rates will be in countries such as India, China, Africa, Brazil and Indonesia -the population of developing countries is growing so rapidly that billions of people do not have enough energy to sustain even the most basic standard of living and are considered to be living in energy poverty

measurable

-they must be measurable, so that it is clear how to determine whether they are successful

emissions from china

20% of the world's population -supports 9% of the world's economy -produces 17% of global grenhouse gas - 5.5 tons of CO2 per person -the emissions are expected to increase by a larger percent in developing nation than developed nations

Methane

industry agrigulture waste

developing countries combat climate change

must reduce the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions -the rate of global emissions is rising rapidly, especially in countries like India and China

cheap abundant fossil fuels

nations struggling to meet basic human needs are forced to pursue economic growth by all means available, and too often the energy used to drive this growth comes from biomass and chap fossil fuels that accelerate the rate at which heat-trapping greenhouse gases are added to the atmosphere

achievable

they must be achievable using the resources available,

5. decreasing the use o public and commercial transport by road

-over 72% of the emission that come from the transport sector are from road transport -Any SMART action the can reduce this emission intensity of vehicles on the road will have a big impact on emissions -for example introducing higher tolls for traffic in major cities

specific

-plans must be specific, stating exactly what needs to be done and how it will be done

global emission sources

- industrial and transport sources are responsible for a large proportion of global greenhouse gas emissions -emissions form land use changes, agriculture, and waste disposal are also very high -GAS #1 CO2 #2Methane #3 Nitrous Oxide

the roots of climate change

-population growth -energy poverty -cheap, abundant fossil fuels -social inertia -powerful lobbyists

9. changing agricultural practices to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

-agriculture practices account for 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions and are the third largest source of heat trapping greenhouse gases - after fossil fuels. -CO2 and CH4 -largest sources = agricultural soil management, enteric fermentation (animal gas), burning of biomass, rice cultivation, and the use of electricity and fuels

1. enhancing the sequestration of CO2 from Fossil Fuels

-burning fossil fuels to produce electricity produces the most anthropogenic CO2- once it escapes into the air capturing it is difficult and expensive -costs are extremely high that capture and sequestration may prove uneconomical -we still to provide better technologies for this

energy poverty

-energy is needed for personal necessities such as potable water, light and sanitation and to combat major social problems such as infant mortality, disease, unemployment and education -only nations with strong economies can afford the infrastructure needed to bring energy to the people who need it the most

2. increasing the generation of power from sources that produce fewer emissions

-governments need to reduce the tax subsidies they give to the fossil fuel industry - this would account for the full social and environmental cost of greenhouse gas emissions and help renewable energy become much more competitive -govs can invest in renewable energy infrastructure

3. enhancing CO2 sequestration during industrial production

-industrial processes such as cement manufacturing and the petrochemical industry produce large volumes of CO2 -further regulations and emissions caps are required to impact these sectors and force them to reduce emissions through carbon capture and sequestration

per capita emissions between the developed world and developing world

-inequlity is large -the average person in the Untied States consumes up to five times as much energy as the average person in developing nations -per capita emissions in the US are the largest in the world.... exceeding 20 tons of CO2 per person

4. increasing the efficiency of public and commercial transport by road

-mileage standards could be much higher than they are at the moment -modern gallons should be able to provide in excess of 55 miles per gallon -higher gasoline prices will eventually push consumers toward this market

developed countries combat climate change

-must reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions -the rate of emissions is decreasing in the United States and the European Union due to advances in energy conservation and efficiency

the nine large areas where SMART goals can reduce greenhouse gas emissions

1. enhance the sequestration of CO2 2. Increase the generation of power form sources that produce fewer emissions 3. enhance CO2 sequestration during industrial production 4. increase the efficiency of public and commercial transport by road 5. decrease the use of cars and trucks for transport by road 6. decrease the overall demand for power through conservation and efficiency 7. reduce greenhouse gases from waste treatment 8. stop unnecessary deforestation and loss of carbon from soils 9. change the agricultural practices to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

CO2 emissions

Transportation (14.3%) #1 Road #2 AIR #3 Rail, Ship & other Electricity & heat (24.9%) Other Fuel combustion (8.6%) Industry (14.7%) Fugitivie Emissions (4%) land use change (12.2%)

nitrous oxide

agriculture

realistic

and they must be financially and politically realistic

8. stopping unnecessary deforestation and loss of carbons from soils

land use change and forestry (LUCF) practices in the developing world account for nearly 18% of all global greenhouse gas emissions; this more than the entire global transportation sector and is second only to the energy sector -Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is designed to tackle this problem in developingg courties (launched by the UN)

deliver on time

must be able to deliver the outcomes we need in the time we have left to achieve them

7. reducing greenhouse gases from waste treatment

only 3.6% of greenhouse gases are generated by waste disposal in landfill sites, but 94% of this is in the form of methane, which is over 20 times as powerful a greenhouse gas as CO2 -tighter controls on siting design, and inspection of landfills are needed