Chapter 10
Basic Cry
- A rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry. - Some infancy experts stress that hunger is one of the conditions that incite the basic cry.
Development of Emotion: Adult Development and Aging (4)
- Adults adapt more effectively with emotional intelligence - Skilled at perceiving and expressing emotions, understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate thought, and managing emotion effectively - Women and men differ in experience of emotion and response to stress - Women are more vulnerable to social stressors, in romance, family, and work --- More likely to become depressed in stressful events
Emotional Competence involves: (7)
- Awareness of one's emotional states - Detecting others' emotions - Using vocabulary of emotion in socially and culturally appropriate ways - Having empathetic and sympathetic sensitivity to others' experiences - Adaptively coping with negative emotions - Awareness that emotional expression plays a role in relationships - Viewing oneself overall as feeling the way one wants to feel
Positive outcomes with Emotion-Coaching Parents
- Better able to self-soothe - More effective in regulating negative affects - Focus attention better - Fewer behavioral problems
Separation Protest
- Crying when caregiver leaves - Typically displayed by 7-8 months of age - Peaks at about 15 months
Chess and Thomas' classifications of temperament:
- Easy Child: positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, adapts easily to new experiences - Difficult Child: reacts negatively and cries frequently, irregular daily routines, slow to accept change - Slow-to-warm-up Child:low activity level, somewhat negative, low intensity of mood
Development of Emotion in Adolescents:
- Emotional highs and lows do increase during adolescents - Intensity of emotions may seem out of proportion to events that elicit them - Emotional mood swings may be due to not knowing how to adequately express their feelings.
Stranger Anxiety
- Fear and wariness of strangers - Emerges gradually, appearing at about 6 months of age - Most frequent expression of infant fear
Developmental changes in emotion during middle and late childhood: (5)
- Improved emotional understanding - Marked improvements in the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions - Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings - Increased tendency to take into fuller account the events leading to emotional reactions - Development of capacity for genuine empathy
Temperament (3)
- Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding - How quickly emotion is shown, how strong it is, how long it lasts, and how soon it fades away - Predisposition toward emotional reactivity and self regulation
Older Adults: (2)
- May experience less extreme joy, but have more contentment when connected in positive ways with friends and family -React less strongly to negative circumstances - Better at ignoring irrelevant negative information - Remember more positive than negative information
Emotion-Coaching Parents
- Monitor child's emotions - View negative emotions as a teaching opportunity - Assist them in labeling emotions, and - Coach on how to effectively deal with emotions
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (3)
- Older adults become more selective about their activities and social relationships in order to maintain social and emotional well-being - Deliberately spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have rewarding relationships - Motivation for knowledge-related goals decreases while motivation for emotion-related goals increases in middle and late childhood
Influences of Biological Foundation and Experience on Temperament: (5)
- Physiological characteristics linked with different temperaments - Heredity may play a moderate role in influencing temperament - Temperamental dimensions develop and change with growth of neurobiological systems of self-regulation - Gender and culture may also shape temperament -----Caregivers' responses may differ depending on gender of the baby -----Certain temperamental characteristics are valued in different cultures - Many aspects may influence continuity or discontinuity of temperament across life span
Primary Emotions (3)
- Present in humans and other animals - Appear in the first 6 months of life - Surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust
Self-Conscious Emotions
- Require self-awareness, consciousness, and sense of "me" - Occur after 18 months, when a sense of self becomes consolidated - Jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt
Emotions are influenced by biological foundations and a person's experience: (2) -Social relationship.... -Cultural Variations...
- Social relationships provide setting for development of emotions - Cultural variations characterize emotional development
Goodness of fit and Parenting: (2)
- Some temperamental characteristics pose more parenting challenges than others - Differential susceptibility model and the biological sensitivity to context model have been proposed
Contexts that can help influence emotional regulation, include: (5)
-Fatigue -Hunger -Time of day -Which people are around infant -Where they are
Coping with Stress: -Older children... (3)
-Older children generate more coping alternatives to stressful conditions and make greater use of cognitive coping strategies. -By age 10, most children are able to use cognitive strategies to cope with stress -Acute stress reactions can occur if a child experiences a disaster
Children improve their use of cognitive strategies to: (4)
-Regulate emotion -Modulate arousal -Manage situations to minimize negative emotion -Cope with stress
____% are easy children, ____% are difficult children, ____% are slow-to-warm-up.
40%-Easy 10%-Difficult 15%-Slow-to-warm-up
Some develop-mentalists suggest that responding to a crying infant increases....
A sense of trust and secure attatchment
Pain Cry
A sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding; no preliminary moaning is present. The pain cry is stimulated by a high-intensity stimulus.
Anger Cry
A variation of the basic cry in which more excess air is forced through the vocal cords. The anger cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting.
Arousal involves a state of:
Alertness or activation
Negative Emotions include:
Anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness
Parents can distinguish various cries of their own infant better than those of other babies. - 3 types of baby cries:
Basic cry Anger cry Pain cry
When facing stress men:
Become aggressive, withdraw from social contact, or drink alcohol
Between 2-4 years....
Children increase the number of terms used to describe emotions -Learn about causes and consequences of emotions
Between 4-5 years....
Children show increased ability to reflect on emotions -Same event can elicit different emotions in different people -Growing awareness of need to manage emotions to meet social standards
________ & _________ are among babies' first form of emotional communication.
Cries & Smiles
Emotion-Dismissing Parents (2)
Deny, ignore, or change negative emotions - Linked with poor emotional regulation
Reflexive Smile
Does not occur in response to external stimuli -infant smiling while sleeping
Children develop increased understanding of emotion during _______________.
Early Childhood
Emotional Competence is linked to:
Effective management of resilience, and more positive relationships
Emotional Regulation consists of:
Effectively managing arousal to adapt to circumstances and to reach a goal.
Adolescents are NOT constantly in a state of ________________ or _____________.
Emotional turmoil "Storm and Stress"
Positive Emotions include:
Enthusiasm, joy, and love
Regulation of emotion gradually shifts from:
External sources to self-initiated, internal sources.
Emotion
Feeling, or affect, that occurs in a state or an interaction that is important to a person, especially to his/her well-being.
Men are more likely to respond in a _____________________________ manner when facing stress.
Fight or flight
_______ are especially vulnerable to depression in adolescence.
Girls
In emotion Regulation and Coping: Infants develop the ability to.....
Inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions - Suck thumb to self-soothe - Caregivers help soothe emotions
Goodness of fit
Match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with
Social Smile
Occurs in response to external stimuli - infant smiling due to caregivers voice
_________ adults report experiencing more positive emotion and less negative emotion than ________ adults.
Older Younger
_______________________ is increased with age at an accelerating rate.
Positive Emotion
Development of Emotion in Early Childhood
Pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt are self-conscious emotions that appear in the second half of 2nd year pf life - Expression of pride and guilt become more common -Especially influenced by parents' responses to children's behavior
Types of Smiling in Infants
Reflexive Smile Social Smile
When facing stress women:
Seek social alliances with others, especially friends
Emotional regulation is fundamental to the development of:
Social Competence -Important component of self-regulation or executive function
Types of fear in Infants:
Stranger Anxiety Separation Protest
Learning how to cope with ________ is an important aspect of children's lives.
Stress
When women experience stress, they engage in a __________________ pattern.
Tend and Befriend
John Watson (1928) emphasized:
That parents rewarded crying and it increased its incidence.
Mary Ainsworth (1979) and John Bowlby (1989) stress that:
You cannot respond too much to an infant's crying in the first year of life
Reduced negative emotion in older adults may be associated with...
decreased physiological arousal of emotion -Aging of the amygdala and autonomic nervous system
With age, children are more able to accurately appraise a stressful situation and .....
determine how much control they have over it.
