Chapter 10 Biology Test

The book of On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection contained what type of information?

Its spells out Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection and provided convincing arguments and evidence to support it.

Who Jean Baptiste Lamarck and what did he propose?

Was an important French naturalist that proposed that species change over time

What are the main points of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural selection?

1. Like Lamarck, Darwin assumed that species can change over time 2. From Lyell, Darwin saw that Earth and its life were very old. Thus there are had been enough time for evolution to produce the great diversity of life Darwin had observed. 3. From Malthus, Darwin knew that populations could grow faster than their resources. This overproduction of offspring led to a struggle for evidence. 4. From artificial selection, Darwin knew that some offspring have chance variations that can be inherited. In nature, offspring with certain variations might be more likely to survive the struggle for existence and reproduce. If so they would pass their favorable variations to their offspring.

What are the 5 conditions of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?

1. Population must be very large 2. Population must be isolated from other populations 3. No mutations 4. Random mating 5. No natural selection

When does Gene Flow occur in a population?

Change in allele frequencies that occurs when individuals move into or out of a population

Who came up with the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?

Charles Darwin

What did Charles Lyell do to support Darwin's work?

Charles Lyell, a well known geologist, wrote the Principles of Geology, a book Darwin took with him on the Beagle. In this book, Lyell argued that gradual geological processes have gradually shaped Earths surface.

Species

Group of organisms that are similar enough to mate together and produce fertile offspring

What is the difference between Mico and Macro evolution?

Microevolution happens when small scale while macros loutish happens on a scale that transcends the boundaries of single species.

What did Darwin observe on his trip to the Galapagos islands?

On his visit to the islands, Darwin discovered several species of finches that varied from island to island which helped him develop his theory of natural selection.

What type of scientist studies dinosaur fossils?

Paleontologists

Fossil

Preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past.

Island Biogeography

Provides evidence of evolution

Vestigal structure

Structure such as the human tailbone or appendix that evolution has reduced the size because it is no longer used

Homologous structure

Structure that is similar in related organisms because it was inherited from a common ancestor. example: Bat wing and limbs of a lion

Analogus structures

Structure that is similar in unrelated organisms because it evolved to do the same job, not because it was inherited from a common ancestor. example: bat and bird

Why did the Galapagos Tortoises evolve the way they did?

They have different shaped shells depending on which island they inhabit. Tortoises with saddle shaped shells can reach up to eat plant leaves above their head. Tortoises with dome shaped shells cannot reach up this way.

Directional selection

Type of natural selection for a polygenic trait in which one of two extreme phenotype S is selected for, resulting in a shift of the phenotypic distribution toward that extreme

Bottleneck effect

occurs when a population suddenly gets smaller. This might happen because of natural disaster such as forest fire. By chance, allele frequencies of the survivors may be different from those of the original population

Speciation

process by which a new species evolves

Artificial Selection

process in which organisms evolve traits useful to humans because people select which individuals are allowed to reproduce and pass on their genes to successive generations