Chapter 10 E

Group benefits

A group can fend off predators better than an individual As the number increases head raises (individual) decrease Easier to find a mate • Females choose the males

Group costs

Disease spreads Increased in parasites • Understand graph X and Y axis The unfished fish had a higher rate of parasites and fished had less

Social interaction

Donor or receiver of behavior Can affect your fitness 1. Cooperation (+/+) 2. Selfishness (+/-) 3. Spitefulness (-/-) 4. Altruism (-/+)

In hymenoptera, there is a strong asymmetry in the genetic relatedness of siblings. What is the coefficient of relatedness between female workers? - 1.0 - 0.5 - 0.75 - 0.25

0.75

How many species of mammals are eusocial? - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1

2

Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) perform mating displays at leks alone or in coalitions of related males. In the coalitions, only dominant males copulate with females. Why do nondominant males join coalitions? - A nondominant male obtains greater inclusive fitness by helping a brother mate than by mating on his own. - A nondominant male obtains greater direct fitness by helping his brother mate than by mating on his own. - A nondominant male obtains less indirect fitness by helping his brother mate than by mating on his own. - A nondominant male may eventually become the dominant male in a coalition.

A nondominant male obtains greater inclusive fitness by helping a brother mate than by mating on his own.

Which equation calculates the indirect fitness benefit of altruistic behavior and kin selection? - C × r - B × r - B ÷ r - B + r

B × r

Altruism is likely to evolve when - B/C > r. - C/B > r. - C/B < r. - C/B = r.

C/B < r.

When leaf cutter ants age and become less efficient at their tasks, they - are killed. - change tasks. - are evicted from the colony. - are eaten by other colony members.

Change tasks

Researchers found that fish on coral reefs that are fished have fewer parasites than fish on coral reefs that exclude fishing. What explains this observation? - Fishing eliminated fish with inferior genetics, which were more susceptible to parasites. - Fish from nonunfished reefs had larger populations that made them subject to more transmission of parasites. - The nonunfished site had more parasites than the fished site. - none of the above

Fish from nonunfished reefs had larger populations that made them subject to more transmission of parasites.

What prevents nondominant mole rats from reproducing? - Nondominant mole rats are born sterile. - Haplodiploid sex determination means that sibling mole rats are more related to each other than to their parents. - Harassment by the dominant members prevents nondominant mole rats from breeding. - Once nondominant mole rats reach sexual maturity, they leave form new colonies.

Harassment by the dominant members prevents nondominant mole rats from breeding.

How do termites prevent individuals other than the king and queen from reproducing? - Individuals are pressured not to reproduce by and king and queen. - Individuals are prevented from reproducing by the haplodiploid mating system. - Individuals do not reproduce because they are sterile. - Individuals do not reproduce because they stay sexually immature unless the queen dies.

Individuals are pressured not to reproduce by and king and queen.

Social behavior in animals is - inherited. - learned. - random. - acquired.

Inherited

Social behaviors

Interactions with members of ones own species (Genetic bases) Living together brings issues Same species causes fighting because everyone wants the same thing

Why is altruistic behavior an evolutionary problem? - It does not lead to an increase in direct fitness. - It does not lead to an increase in indirect fitness. - It does not lead to an increase in fitness. - It decreases fitness.

It does not lead to an increase in indirect fitness.

Which of the following is NOT a strategy that leaf cutter ants use to avoid parasitoid flies specialized to hunt large ants? - Small ants forage during the day, when the flies are active. - Large ants forage at night, when the flies are inactive. - Small ants guard larger ants during the day, when the flies are active. - Small ants perform all foraging tasks for the ant colony.

Small ants perform all foraging tasks for the ant colony.

Which statement about social interactions is TRUE? - The recipient is the individual who directs behavior toward another individual, the donor. - Donors and recipients direct behaviors toward one another. - The donor is the individual who directs behavior toward another donor. - The donor is the individual who directs behavior toward another individual, the recipient.

The donor is the individual who directs behavior toward another individual, the recipient.

How could helping a relative improve fitness? - The relative will pass on the helper's genes. - The relative is likely to offer help in exchange. - Helping others improves group relations and therefore group fitness. - Families that live together improve in fitness if any member has higher fitness. - For the Geiger's, only possible if it is NOT Karen.

The relative will pass on the helper's genes.

Pack animals such as wolves establish an order that dictates social behavior. This is an example of - territoriality. - spitefulness. -a dominance hierarchy. - a lek.

a dominance hierarchy.

An area defended by one or more individuals against intrusion by others is - a dominance hierarchy. - a lek. - a home range. - a territory.

a lek.

Dominance hierarchy

a social ranking among individuals in a group, typically determined through contests such as fighting or other contests of strength or skill. When density is high

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a dominance hierarchy? - organization of conspecifics to reduce intraspecific competition - quick resolution of conflicts - group defense of ephemeral resources - aggregation of individuals to increase probability of mating

aggregation of individuals to increase probability of mating

Increased competition for food among individuals living in groups may lead to increased - movement between habitats in search of food. - time dedicated to locating food by individuals. - aggression between group members. - all of the above

all above

The equation C < B × r describes conditions under which a(n) _____ behavior will _____ in the population. - altruistic; increase - altruistic; decrease - selfish; increase - selfish; decrease

altruistic; increase

Territories

any area defended by one or more individuals against the intrusion of others. Food, nesting sites Permanent or temporary

In the example of the ruff (Philomachus pugnax), researchers found that males in leks had more success in - attracting females. - copulating with females. - attracting females and copulating with females. -none of the above

attracting females and copulating with females.

Large groups are particularly vulnerable to epidemics because they - have low numbers of resistant individuals. - can cause pathogens to mutate and become more dangerous. - can rapidly become infected by a single individual. - decrease the likelihood of immunity developing.

can rapidly become infected by a single individual.

For calculations of the indirect fitness benefit of altruistic behavior and kin selection, r is the - coefficient of relatedness between the donor and recipient - benefit given to a recipient relative. - direct fitness cost to the donor. - indirect fitness cost to the donor.

coefficient of relatedness between the donor and recipient

A social interaction in which both the donor's fitness and the recipient's fitness are increased is called - cooperation. - altruism. - spitefulness. - selfishness.

cooperation.

Which group does NOT contain a eusocial species? - corals - termites - ants - mammals

corals

In the social interaction of altruism, the donor receives a(n) _____ in fitness and the recipient receives a(n) _____ in fitness. - decrease; increase - decrease; decrease - increase; increase - increase; decrease

decrease; increase

Which of the following is NOT a cost of living in groups? - decreased likelihood of mating - increased transmission of pathogens - increased predation - increased competition

decreased likelihood of mating

Group living _____ individual risk of predation and _____ the predation risk of the group.? - increases; increases - increases; decreases - decreases; increases -decreases; decreases

decreases; increases

Animals that live in groups have a reduced individual probability of predation. This is known as - dilution effect. - a lek. - altruism. - cooperation.

dilution effect.

In haplodiploid mating systems, nonqueen females are - haploid and fertile. - haploid and infertile. - diploid and fertile. - diploid and infertile.

diploid and infertile.

Fitness that an individual gains by passing on copies of its genes to its offspring is favored by _____ selection. - indirect - direct - natural - sexual

direct

C/B describes the ratio of - donor benefits to recipient costs. - donor costs to recipient benefits. - indirect fitness costs to direct fitness benefits. - direct fitness costs to indirect fitness benefits.

donor costs to recipient benefits.

Why might individuals give up defending their territories if the population density increases? - due to the benefits of moving with a higher density population - due to the reduction in available resources - due to the increased difficulty of defending the territory - due to the ease of attracting a mate - due to increase in pathogens/parasites

due to the increased difficulty of defending the territory (territory is a resource)

Researchers found that as the flock size of European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) increased, the time needed to find new food patches also increased because large populations - have high per capita food consumption. - are forced to live in lower-quality habitat. - have more aggressive individuals. - face increased competition for food.

face increased competition for food.

A lek is the location of an aggregation of animals - to reduce the rate of predation. - for hunting. - for feeding. - for mating displays.

for mating displays.

Based on the coefficient of relatedness, to which of the following relatives would a donor be most likely to provide altruism? - parent - cousin - half sibling - full sibling

full sibling

Which of the following comes closest to constituting a true social group? - flies attracted to a dung pat - cattle attracted to a desert watering hole - oak seedlings aggregated because they have not dispersed - goldfinches flocking to feed on seed heads of plants growing in open fields

goldfinches flocking to feed on seed heads of plants growing in open fields

The sex determination system in hymenopterans such as ants, bees, and wasps is - triplodiploid. - haplodiploid. - diplohaploid. - haplotriploid.

haplodiploid.

In haplodiploid mating systems, males are - haploid and fertile. - haploid and infertile. - diploid and fertile. - diploid and infertile.

haploid and fertile.

In haplodiploid societies a _____ produces female gametes by _____. - diploid female; mitosis - haploid female; meiosis - haploid male; mitosis - haploid female; mitosis

haploid male; mitosis

The evolution of altruistic behavior is most likely to be between - parent and offspring. - identical twins. - cousins. - half siblings.

identical twins.

Under what conditions would natural selection favor living in large groups? - in an area with a high # of pathogens - in an area where food is scarce - in a species that reproduces asexually - in a species that hunts large animals - in an area with a high # of parasites

in a species that hunts large animals

Eusociality exists - in a few species. - in a few lineages. - in many species. -because of a single mutation.

in many species.

What is another term for kin selection? - indirect selection - direct selection - natural selection - sexual selection

indirect selection

Indirect fitness is favored by _____ selection. - natural - sexual - kin - direct

kin

Large groups

locate food better but the food is shared among all members Groups can lead to aggression • Chicken pecking order (who you can mess with) • Social structure

Which of the following is NOT a tactic that animals living in groups use to reduce the overall probability of predation? - group defense used to protect from predators - many individuals looking out for predators at any given time - group attack used against predators - avoidance of predation by scattering

many individuals looking out for predators at any given time

In haplodiploid societies, which would be expected to show most cooperation? - all-male group - all-female group - mixed male and female group - all of these groups would show equal cooperation.

mixed male and female group

Which of the following is NOT an ecosystem process associated with eusocial insects? - pollination - consuming detritus - herbivory - nutrient cycling

nutrient cycling

Which is NOT a characteristic of a eusocial species? - reproductive dominance by many individuals - cooperation in nest building and brood care - several adults living together in a group - sterile individuals

reproductive dominance by many individuals

The worker caste in bees consists entirely of - reproductive females in an arrested stage of development. - reproductive females. - reproductive males in an arrested stage of development. - reproductive males.

reproductive females in an arrested stage of development.

In the wattled jacana (Jacana jacana), a species of tropical wading bird, all brood care is performed by males. Females protect nests and defend territory. Females sometimes attack and kill chicks cared for by a male. The male then fertilizes the female attacker and cares for the resulting young. This type of social interaction is an example of - cooperation. - selfishness. - spitefulness. - altruism.

selfishness.

In termite colonies, which of the following does NOT reproduce? - drone - soldier - king - queen

soldier

Based on fitness effects on donors and recipients, which type of social interaction is expected to occur LEAST often? - altruism - cooperation - selfishness - spitefulness

spitefulness

Which social interaction is best described as the opposite of altruism in terms of its effect on donor and recipient fitness? - cooperation - selfishness - spitefulness - dominance

spitefulness

Which does NOT have a haplodiploid mating system? - ants - bees - termites - wasps

termites

A hummingbird guarding a hummingbird feeder is an example of - dominance hierarchy. - altruism. - territoriality. - selfishness.

territoriality.

Territoriality develops when - a resource can be defended. - the benefits of defending a resource outweigh the costs. - fitness is increased by having the territory. - all of the above

the benefits of defending a resource outweigh the costs.

Lek

the location of an animal aggregation to put on a display to attract the opposite sex. Example: Larger leks of ruffs (a wading bird) attract more females, resulting in an increased percentage of successful male copulations

The coefficient of relatedness measures - the probability of an individual and its relatives carrying copies of the same genes from a recent common ancestor. - the degree of relatedness between individuals in a population. - indirect fitness as the benefit given to a recipient relative by the donor individual. - the direct fitness cost of altruistic behavior to a recipient by the donor.

the probability of an individual and its relatives carrying copies of the same genes from a recent common ancestor.

The dilution effect refers to - the increased availability of mates to those living in a group. - the reduced probability that any single animal in a group will be caught by a predator. - the increased distance a group must travel to find new food sources. - the reduced amount of time that any single animal in a group must spend searching for food. - the reduction in pollution when releasing a toxin into a large body of water, like into the ocean.

the reduced probability that any single animal in a group will be caught by a predator.

How many castes do bees have? - four - three - two - five

three

Army ants/ leaf cuter ants

• Army ants/ leaf cutter ants • Live in colonies (I million- 10 million) • Build nests into ground which can go several meters underground • Cut leaves with mandibles (jaws) which they grind up and grow fungus on them • Eat the fungus that's grown not the leaves • Queen lives up to 20 years and is the mother • Workers are all females (2n) • Males drones that mate (1n) • Saves the sperm her whole life • Many different species • Size of adult varies based on diet • Wasp flies that lays its egg in the neck of ant and the larvae eats all the none vital organs and then kills it • Small workers riding leaves try to spot flies from laying eggs on larger worker