Chapter 10 Test

The softest sound which could be heard would have an intensity of Question 82 options: 1) 0 decibels. 2) 0.1 decibels. 3) 1 decibel. 4) 10 decibels.

0 decibels.

deep pressure and fast vibration

1. Pacinian corpuscles

The optic radiations project fibers from the lateral geniculate nuclei to area Question 178 options: 1) 9 of the occipital lobe. 2) 19 of the occipital lobe. 3) 17 of the occipital lobe. 4) 21 of the occipital lobe.

17 of the occipital lobe.

The letter 'â•'' would be projected onto the retina as Question 117 options: 1) â•' 2) â•› 3) â•• 4) ╘

2

How many neurons conduct sensory impulses from the periphery to the postcentral gyrus? Question 34 options: 1) one 2) two 3) three 4) four

3

______________ occurs when there is significant asymmetry of the cornea and/or lens. Question 130 options: 1) Myopia 2) Hyperopia 3) Astigmatism 4) Presbyopia

Astigmatism

_____________ in the retina connect photoreceptors and ganglion cells. Question 134 options: 1) Horizontal cells 2) Retinal epithelium 3) Amacrine cells 4) Bipolar cells

Bipolar cells

When stereocilia are bent toward the kinocilium, the cell membrane will be Question 71 options: 1) hyperpolarized. 2) depolarized. 3) releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter. 4) Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct.

Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct.

The potential produced by sensory receptors is called a Question 18 options: 1) local potential. 2) generator potential. 3) receptor potential. 4) Both generator and receptor potentials are correct.

Both generator and receptor potentials are correct.

What is the medium found in the cochlear canal? Question 97 options: 1) air 2) perilymph 3) endolymph 4) ectolymph

endolymph

Cutaneous receptors respond to stimuli that are outside the body and are therefore also 1) proprioceptors. 2) interoceptors. 3) exteroceptors. 4) special senses.

exteroceptors

Myopia generally occurs when the Question 126 options: 1) eyeball is too short. 2) eyeball is too long. 3) lens is uneven. 4) cornea is uneven.

eyeball is too long.

What structure connects the scala vestibuli with the scala tympani? Question 95 options: 1) round window 2) helicotrema 3) oval window 4) cochlear duct

helicotrema

Acute itch is produced by _______ binding to its receptors. Question 25 options: 1) capsaicin 2) menthol 3) histamine 4) glutamate

histamine

sustained pressure

Ruffini corpuscles

Question 49 options: 1) is an olfactory G-protein. 2) is related to transducin of the eye. 3) activates second-messenger systems that hyperpolarize the receptor cell. 4) All apply.

is related to transducin of the eye.

a pat on the back

mechanoreceptors

Which of the following structures are important to the maintenance of balance and equilibrium? Question 81 options: 1) eyes 2) proprioceptors from joints and muscles 3) vestibular apparatus 4) All apply.

all

What is found in the anterior cavity of the eyeball? Question 111 options: 1) aqueous humor 2) blood 3) vitreous humor 4) pigment

aqueous humor

Which type of cone responds to short wavelengths of 420nm? Question 158 options: 1) blue cones 2) green cones 3) red cones

blue cones

What color of light is best absorbed by rods? Question 143 options: 1) blue-green 2) red 3) yellow 4) purple

blue-green

Sensorineural deafness can be caused by all of the following except Question 103 options: 1) excessively loud noises. 2) build up of wax in the ears. 3) damage to the cochlear nerve. 4) loss of hair cells in the cochlea.

build up of wax in the ears.

The __________ fibers are thin myelinated axons that carry sensations of heat, cold, and pain to the spinal cord. Question 33 options: 1) A-delta 2) B-gamma 3) C 4) A-beta

c

The aggregation of cystallin proteins in the lens produces Question 118 options: 1) glaucoma. 2) cataracts. 3) astigmatism. 4) myopia.

cataracts

What causes the release of neurotransmitters from sweet and umami tastes? Question 57 options: 1) opening of extracellular Ca2+ channels 2) closing of K+ channels 3) release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum 4) closing of Na+ channels

closing of K+ channels

Which of the following is NOT true of the functions of the pigment epithelium of the retina? Question 139 options: 1) absorption of scattered light 2) stabilize ion composition surrounding the photoreceptors 3) creating the dark current of the photoreceptors 4) delivery of nutrients to the photoreceptors

creating the dark current of the photoreceptors

An individual with astigmatism would have their vision corrected by Question 131 options: 1) a convex lens. 2) a concave lens. 3) cylindrical lens. 4) a magnifying lens.

cylindrical lens.

Vibrations in the stapes directly induce vibrations in the Question 87 options: 1) tympanic membrane. 2) incus. 3) round window. 4) oval window.

oval window.

The law of specific nerve energies can be used to explain Question 14 options: 1) phantom limbs. 2) paradoxical cold. 3) sensory adaptation. 4) lateral inhibition.

paradoxical cold.

The scala vestibuli of the cochlea is filled with Question 89 options: 1) endolymph. 2) perilymph. 3) ectolymph. 4) mesolymph.

perilymph

The tip region of the photoreceptor cells are removed by cells of the retinal pigment epithelium by Question 138 options: 1) apoptosis. 2) phagocytosis. 3) opsin. 4) the bleaching reaction.

phagocytosis

The ________________ phenomenon refers to amputees reporting sensations in limbs that are no longer there. Question 40 options: 1) phantom limb 2) lateral inhibition 3) referred pain 4) adaptation

phantom limb

seeing an old friend

photoreceptors

Within the eye, electrical impulses pass from Question 136 options: 1) photoreceptors to ganglion cells to bipolar cells. 2) ganglion cells to bipolar cells to photoreceptors. 3) photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells. 4) bipolar cells to photoreceptors to ganglion cells.

photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells.

What type of eye movement helps you to follow a moving object? Question 173 options: 1) vergence 2) saccadic 3) fixational 4) smooth pursuit

smooth pursuit

Nociceptors may be either myelinated or unmyelinated and function to carry pain sensations to the spinal cord using ____________ and ________________ as neurotransmitters. 1) substance P, norepinephrine 2) glutamate, acetylcholine 3) substance P, glutamate 4) acetylcholine, substance P

substance P, glutamate

Eye movements are regulated by information sent to the Question 166 options: 1) lateral geniculate nucleus. 2) hypothalamus. 3) inferior colliculus. 4) superior colliculus.

superior colliculus.

What structure holds the lens in place? Question 113 options: 1) canal of Schlemm 2) suspensory ligament 3) choroid 4) iris

suspensory ligament

What is the role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium? Question 67 options: 1) produce new bipolar receptor cells 2) to oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble 3) to repair damaged receptor cells 4) to form basal stem cells

to oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble

_____________ receptors undergo slow adaptation.

tonic

What type of G-proteins are associated with the visual cycle? Question 154 options: 1) transducins 2) gustducins 3) roducins 4) None apply.

transducins

A greater bending of the stereocilia will increase the frequency of action potentials and will be perceived as a louder sound.

true

Being able to distinguish separate trees in the forest is an example of the resolving power of visual acuity.

true

Contraction of ciliary muscles allows the lens to become thicker.

true

Damage to the stapedius muscle can lead to nerve damage within the cochlea.

true

Damage to the tectorial membrane near the oval window would limit an individual's ability to detect high frequency sounds.

true

Each cone communicates with several ganglion cells while many rods communicate with one ganglion cell.

true

Each olfactory glomerulus receives input from several types of olfactory receptors.

true

Hyperopia is corrected with a convex lens

true

M cones are medium length green cones.

true

Which of the following is the correct neural pathway for hearing? Question 102 options: 1) vestibulocochlear nerve, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, thalamus, temporal lobe 2) vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal lobe 3) vestibulocochlear nerve, thalamus, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, temporal lobe 4) None apply.

vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal lobe

Which of the following statements is true? 1) Our senses can perceive a wide range of energies. 2) Different modalities of sensations have different types of impulses. 3) Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses. 4) The brain cannot distinguish between impulses of cold and heat.

3) Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses.

Damage to cutaneous receptors would limit the ability to detect all of the following except 1) pain. 2) thermal sensations. 3) body position. 4) touch.

3) body position.

Which of the following is true of vestibular nystagmus? Question 80 options: 1) It consists of involuntary oscillations of the eyes. 2) It may be a symptom of Ménière's disease. 3) It is loss of equilibrium. 4) All apply.

4) All apply.

Which of the following is true of the auditory tube? Question 86 options: 1) It is a passageway from the middle ear to the oropharynx. 2) It is usually collapsed. 3) It opens due to the action of the tensor tympani muscle. 4) Both it is usually collapsed and it opens due to the action of the tensor tympani muscle.

Both it is usually collapsed and it opens due to the action of the tensor tympani muscle.

Which of the following cranial nerves conveys gustatory information? Question 48 options: 1) facial 2) glossopharyngeal 3) hypoglossal 4) Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct.

Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct.

The structure for hearing is the Question 92 options: 1) vestibular apparatus. 2) spiral organ. 3) organ of Corti. 4) Both the spiral organ and the organ of Corti are correct.

Both the spiral organ and the organ of Corti are correct.

What extracellular ion is necessary for release of neurotransmitter for salty and sour tastes? Question 56 options: 1) Mg2+ 2) K+ 3) Na+ 4) Ca2+

Ca

Which of the following is TRUE of taste? Question 42 options: 1) Taste receptors are considered interoceptors. 2) Sweet is sensed at the tip of the tongue. 3) Chemicals must be dissolved to stimulate the taste cells. 4) All apply.

Chemicals must be dissolved to stimulate the taste cells.

Olfactory receptor proteins are especially located on the membrane of their nonmotile cilia and are coupled to Question 60 options: 1) cAMP. 2) cGMP. 3) Ca2+. 4) G-proteins.

G-proteins.

Olfactory receptors are coupled to Question 64 options: 1) transducins. 2) Na+/Ca2+ channels directly. 3) G-proteins. 4) adenylate cyclase.

G-proteins.

Which of the following is NOT a touch or pressure cutaneous receptor? Question 19 options: 1) Golgi Corpuscle 2) Pacinian Corpuscle 3) Merkel's Disk 4) Meissner's Corpuscle

Golgi Corpuscle

Which of the following is true of olfaction? Question 61 options: 1) There may be as many as a 1000 different olfactory receptor proteins. 2) Humans can distinguish up to 10,000 different odors. 3) Humans have the most acute sense of smell of all the mammals. 4) All apply.

Humans can distinguish up to 10,000 different odors.

What characteristic does the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth have that is unusual? Question 70 options: 1) It is similar to the perilymph that surrounds the membranous labyrinth. 2) It has a higher than normal concentration of Na+. 3) It has a lower than normal concentration of Cl-. 4) It has a higher than normal concentration of K+.

It has a higher than normal concentration of K+.

The bending of the stereocilia of the organ of Corti opens membrane channels that are permeable to mainly ____, which causes depolarization. Question 93 options: 1) Na+ 2) K+ 3) Ca2+ 4) All apply.

K

What new procedure is used by many people to correct refractive problems? Question 132 options: 1) lens replacement 2) LASIK 3) corrective lenses 4) refractometry

LASIK

The most common form of color blindness is deuteranopia, which is congenital absence of the ____ gene. Question 160 options: 1) M 2) L 3) S

M

texture and slow vibration

Meissner's corpuscles

sustained touch and pressure

Merkel's discs

_____________ is the perception of pain in a somatic location that is caused by damage to an internal organ and not by the activity somatic nociceptors. Question 32 options: 1) Sensory adaptation 2) Lateral inhibition 3) Referred pain 4) Phantom limb

Referred pain

What role do outer hair cells play in the transmission of sound? Question 100 options: 1) They dampen strong vibrations from very loud sounds. 2) They bend and depolarize with specific wavelengths of sound waves. 3) They amplify softer sound and sharpen pitch perception.

They amplify softer sound and sharpen pitch perception.

Damage to cranial nerve _____________ would limit the ability to taste sweet substances. Question 46 options: 1) VII 2) V 3) X 4) XII

VII

When an object is more than 20 feet from the eyes, Question 123 options: 1) the ciliary muscle relaxes. 2) there is tension on the zonular fibers of the suspensory ligament. 3) the lens is pulled and flattened. 4) All apply.

all

smell of pizza

chemoreceptors

Impulses of pain are also transmitted to the _____ which is part of the limbic system. Question 35 options: 1) cingulate gyrus 2) amygdala 3) hippocampus 4) caudate nucleus

cingulate gyrus

Which of the following is NOT part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear? Question 69 options: 1) cochlea 2) utricle 3) semicircular canals 4) saccule

cochlea

The ________________________ is a membrane ion channel on sensory neurons that responds to cold in the 8º to 28ºC range by producing a depolarization. Question 23 options: 1) capsaicin receptor 2) two-point threshold 3) cold or menthol receptor 4) pacinian corpuscle

cold or menthol receptor

Which of the following is NOT a type of cortical visual neuron? Question 180 options: 1) simple 2) compound 3) complex 4) hypercomplex

compound

Pupil diameter would be increased by Question 109 options: 1) contraction of the circular muscles. 2) contraction of the ciliary body. 3) contraction of the superior rectus muscle. 4) contraction of the radial muscles.

contraction of the radial muscles.

Light is refracted the most by the Question 119 options: 1) cornea. 2) aqueous humor. 3) lens. 4) vitreous humor.

cornea

Vision would be impaired by Question 168 options: 1) damage to the superior colliculus. 2) ablation of the medial geniculate nucleus. 3) damage to the temporal lobe. 4) damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve.

damage to the superior colliculus.

In the absence of light, there is movement of Na+ in the photoreceptors causing a depolarization. This is called the Question 151 options: 1) dark adaptation. 2) visual cycle of retinal. 3) bleaching reaction. 4) dark current.

dark current.

Dominant retinitis pigmentosa is characterized by Question 142 options: 1) deterioration of the striate cortex. 2) degeneration of photoreceptors. 3) degeneration of the optic nerve. 4) degeneration of the cornea.

degeneration of photoreceptors.

Sympathetic stimulation is responsible for pupil _____________ in _________ light. Question 107 options: 1) dilation, bright 2) dilation, dim 3) constriction, bright 4) constriction, dim

dilation, dim

Chemoreceptors that respond to chemical changes in the external environment are called Question 41 options: 1) interoceptors. 2) nociceptors. 3) proprioceptors. 4) exteroceptors.

exteroceptors

A cochlear implant may help someone with conduction deafness.

false

A given gustatory sensory neuron may be stimulated by more than one taste cell located in a number of different taste pores.

false

Ablation of the superior colliculus of the midbrain would induce deafness

false

An individual would normally perceive pain when the chemoreceptors are stimulated.

false

Bleaching induces conformational changes in both retinal and the associated opsin.

false

Conduction deafness occurs due to loss of hair cells in the cochlea

false

Encapsulated cutaneous receptors are used to detect thermal sensations.

false

In the geniculostriate system, the right lateral geniculate nucleus receives input from the right visual fields of both eyes.

false

Inability to detect rotational acceleration occurs when the saccule is damaged.

false

LASIK surgery can correct for all types of refractive problems.

false

Light energy will cause all-trans retinal to convert to the 11-cis form which dissociates from opsin to eventually create the nerve impulse.

false

Monosodium glutamate stimulates bitter taste receptors

false

Nodding your head up and down would stimulate receptors in the utricle.

false

Photoreceptors have the enzyme to re-isomerize the all-trans retinal back to the 11-cis form.

false

Rods and cones face to the front of the eyeball (toward the incoming light).

false

Solutions containing a high concentration of hydrogen ions would maximally stimulate taste buds for sweet.

false

Taste cells are modified neurons.

false

The M and L cones are coded on chromosome 7 making the lack of the M and L photopsins more prevalent in females.

false

The fovea centralis contains only rods.

false

The function of the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti is to amplify low sound intensities.

false

The lens is clear with no blood because it is made of dead cells.

false

The near point of vision decreases with increasing age.

false

light tough, temperature, and pain

free nerve endings

As the magnitude of a generator potential increases the _____________ of action potentials in the sensory neuron increases.

frequency

The hertz is a measure of Question 83 options: 1) distance. 2) frequency. 3) duration. 4) intensity.

frequency

The optic nerve is formed from fibers of Question 135 options: 1) rods and cones. 2) bipolar cells. 3) amacrine cells. 4) ganglion cells.

ganglion cells.

Long term blockage of the canal of Schlemm can induce Question 108 options: 1) glaucoma. 2) cataracts. 3) macular degeneration. 4) detached retina.

glaucoma

Which of the following are NOT types of tongue papillae? Question 53 options: 1) foliate papillae 2) circumvallate papillae 3) glossoform papillae 4) fungiform papillae

glossoform papillae

What neurotransmitter is released by the inner hair cells once they have depolarized? Question 99 options: 1) glutamate 2) acetylcholine 3) ATP 4) norepinephrine

glutamate

The capsaicin receptor serves as both an ion channel and a receptor for the molecule in chili peppers that causes sensations of Question 22 options: 1) heat and pain. 2) cold and pain. 3) pressure and pain. 4) heat and pressure.

heat and pain

What condition occurs when the eyeball is too short and the focal point appears behind the eyeball? Question 129 options: 1) astigmatism 2) myopia 3) hyperopia 4) presbyopia

hyperopia

Inhibiting phosphodiesterase would cause the photoreceptor to undergo Question 150 options: 1) hyperpolarization. 2) depolarization. 3) repolarization. 4) EPSPs.

hyperpolarization

Where do the tracts carrying impulses of proprioception and pressure cross? Question 30 options: 1) in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord 2) in the medulla oblongata 3) in the thalamus 4) the axons do not cross

in the medulla oblongata

Where do the fibers of the spinothalamic tracts cross? Question 31 options: 1) in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord 2) in the medulla oblongata 3) in the thalamus 4) the axons do not cross

in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord

Where is the primary gustatory cortex? Question 55 options: 1) postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe 2) prefrontal cortex 3) temporal lobe 4) insula

insula

Chemoreceptors that monitor blood glucose levels are also Question 10 options: 1) interoceptors. 2) proprioceptors. 3) special senses. 4) exteroceptors.

interoceptors.

Different layers of the __________________ analyze input from cones (and rods) differently such that one layer can add input from L and M cones to obtain information about light intensity, while another could subtract such input to obtain red-green color information. Question 156 options: 1) hypothalamus 2) superior colliculi 3) lateral geniculate nucleus 4) red nucleus

lateral geniculate nucleus

Sensations are sharpened via Question 39 options: 1) two-point discrimination. 2) adaptation. 3) lateral inhibition. 4) phantom limb.

lateral inhibition.

Transmission of thermal sensations to the sensory cortex would be impaired by damage to the Question 28 options: 1) lateral spinothalamic tract. 2) anterior spinothalamic tract. 3) medial lemniscus tract. 4) anterior spinocerebellar tract.

lateral spinothalamic tract.

The least amount of energy that produces adequate stimulation of a receptor is the Question 15 options: 1) sensory adaptation. 2) generator potential. 3) all-or-none law. 4) law of specific nerve energies.

law of specific nerve energies.

Destroying the ciliary body would prevent the _____________ from receiving nutrients. Question 106 options: 1) cornea sclera 2) iris 3) pupil 4) lens and cornea

lens and cornea

What causes cGMP to convert to GMP and close Na+ channels in a photoreceptor? Question 153 options: 1) dark current 2) light 3) darkness 4) opsin

light

Ganglion cells are stimulated optimally by Question 174 options: 1) light striking the entire retinal surface. 2) light striking a spot on the retina. 3) a bar of light moving on the retina. 4) a bar of light striking a spot on the retina.

light striking a spot on the retina.

Otoliths are associated with the Question 76 options: 1) crista ampullaris. 2) cupula. 3) macula. 4) semicircular canals.

macula

A common visual impairment in older people that is caused by damage to the central fovea is Question 165 options: 1) geniculostriatum. 2) retinitis pigmentosa. 3) macular degeneration. 4) bleaching.

macular degeneration.

Question 7 (1 point) Which type of receptor responds to physical deformation of its cell membrane? 1) chemoreceptors 2) photoreceptors 3) thermoreceptors 4) mechanoreceptors

mechanoreceptors

Stimulation of the hair cells of the vestibular apparatus sends impulses to the cerebellum and _________ by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Question 78 options: 1) cerebrum 2) midbrain 3) pons 4) medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata

Some ganglion cells of the retina contain _______ that is sensitive to luminance and helps the hypothalamus regulate circadian rhythms. Question 176 options: 1) melatonin 2) melanopsin 3) retinal 4) photopsin

melanopsin

Which of the following is NOT a cutaneous receptor? Question 8 options: 1) muscle spindle 2) touch receptor 3) heat receptor 4) pain receptor

muscle spindle

Proprioception and pressure impulses are carried by large, _______ neurons in the ______ columns of the spinal cord and are ____. Question 29 options: 1) myelinated, ventral, contralateral 2) unmyelinated, lateral, ipsilateral 3) myelinated, dorsal, ipsilateral 4) unmyelinated, dorsal, contralateral

myelinated, dorsal, ipsilateral

Information obtained via _____________ is transmitted directly to the limbic system. Question 59 options: 1) gustation 2) audition 3) olfaction 4) touch

olfaction

Which of the special senses is most closely linked with the limbic system? Question 62 options: 1) hearing 2) olfaction 3) taste 4) vision

olfaction

Axons from the nasal portions of both eyes will decussate in the Question 169 options: 1) lateral geniculate nucleus. 2) optic chiasma. 3) superior colliculus. 4) striate cortex.

optic chiasma.

What area of the retina has no photoreceptors? Question 115 options: 1) fovea centralis 2) macula 3) optic disc 4) None apply.

optic disc

Information from both eyes is present in all of the following except the Question 170 options: 1) optic tract. 2) optic nerve. 3) optic radiation. 4) occipital lobe.

optic nerve.

Which of the following is NOT an auditory ossicle? Question 85 options: 1) incus 2) malleus 3) otolith 4) stapes

otolith

Which cells have the ability to re-isomerize the all-trans retinal back to the 11-cis form? Question 146 options: 1) photoreceptor cells 2) ganglion cells 3) pigment epithelial cells 4) bipolar cells

pigment epithelial cells

Where on the cerebral cortex is taste information sent? Question 52 options: 1) prefrontal cortex, postcentral gyrus, and insula 2) temporal lobe, precentral gyrus, and prefrontal cortex 3) thalamus, insula, and postcentral gyrus 4) medulla oblongata, insula, and thalamus

prefrontal cortex, postcentral gyrus, and insula

Age-related hearing impairment is known as Question 104 options: 1) presbycusis. 2) presbyopia. 3) conduction deafness. 4) otosclerosis.

presbycusis

Loss of accommodation with age is Question 127 options: 1) astigmatism. 2) myopia. 3) hyperopia. 4) presbyopia.

presbyopia

As ____________ increases, the two-point threshold decreases. Question 38 options: 1) receptor number 2) receptor density 3) receptor sensitivity 4) receptor sensation

receptor density

The bending of light as it passes through different media is called Question 116 options: 1) accommodation. 2) visual acuity. 3) refraction. 4) astigmatism.

refraction

Which of the following is NOT true of outer hair cells of the organ of Corti? Question 98 options: 1) innervated by motor neurons 2) will shorten when depolarized and lengthen when hyperpolarized 3) occur in multiple rows in each turn of the cochlear duct 4) relay sound information by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve

relay sound information by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve

What causes the release of neurotransmitter when bitter taste has stimulated a taste cell? Question 58 options: 1) release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum 2) opening of extracellular Ca2+ channels 3) closing K+ channels 4) closing Na+ channels

release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum

Which type of eye movements are high velocity (400 to 800 degrees per second)? Question 167 options: 1) saccadic 2) smooth pursuit 3) vergence 4) papillary

saccadic

The outermost layer of the eyeball is the Question 110 options: 1) choroid. 2) retina. 3) sclera. 4) lens.

sclera

The cupula is part of the Question 75 options: 1) semicircular canals. 2) utricle. 3) saccule. 4) cochlea.

semicircular canals.

Vertigo occurs due to activation of the Question 79 options: 1) utricle. 2) semicircular canals. 3) saccule. 4) cochlea.

semicircular canals.

Having the ability to ignore constant phasic stimuli is called Question 13 options: 1) the law of specific nerve energies. 2) tonic adaptation. 3) sensory adaptation. 4) phasic adaptation.

sensory adaptation.

Specialized cells on the tongue that distinguish salty, sour, sweet, meaty, or bitter flavors are called Question 51 options: 1) taste buds. 2) umami cells. 3) gustducin. 4) taste cells.

taste cells

The ______ system is involved in the pupillary response. Question 177 options: 1) tectal 2) geniculostriate 3) optic chiasma 4) sensory adaptation

tectal

Accommodation would occur when Question 122 options: 1) the muscles of the ciliary body contract. 2) the zonular fibers become taut. 3) objects move further away from the eye. 4) the lateral rectus muscle contracts.

the muscles of the ciliary body contract.

a refreshing cold drink

thermoreceptors

Areas of the skin with small receptive fields would have a greater sensory acuity.

true

As the endolymph in the semicircular canals bends the cupula, the stereocilia are stimulated.

true

Basal stem cells in the olfactory epithelium produce new olfactory receptors every one to two months.

true

Functional classes of sensory receptors include chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors.

true

In the dark, the photoreceptors release an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prohibits bipolar neurons from exciting ganglion neurons.

true

Myopia is corrected with concave lenses.

true

Nociceptors relay sensory information to the cortex via the lateral spinothalamic tract.

true

Only absorbed light can produce photochemical reactions that result in vision.

true

Phasic receptors adapt rapidly to maintained stimuli.

true

Proprioceptors allow for individuals to determine the position of a limb or body part.

true

Receptive fields of simple neurons are rectangular because they are best suited to stimulation from a slit of light.

true

Second-order neurons from the medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus.

true

Some ganglion cells are stimulated by light at the center of its receptive field while others are stimulated by light at the periphery of its receptive field. This improves visual acuity.

true

Sweet, umami, and bitter receptors activate gustducin G-proteins that lead to depolarization.

true

The capsaicin receptor produces both heat and pain sensations by allowing Ca2+ and Na+ to diffuse into the neuron through transient receptor potential channels.

true

The generator potential produced in photoreceptors is a hyperpolarization.

true

The geniculostriate system tells you what you are seeing, while the tectal system tells you where the object is.

true

The magnitude of the generator potential is directly proportional to the frequency of the action potentials being produced.

true

The opening of Na+/Ca2+ channels by cAMP produces a graded depolarization in the olfactory bulb.

true

The palm of the hand would have a higher receptor density than the upper arm.

true

The receptive field affected by cones is much smaller than the receptive field of rods.

true

The wavelengths of light a photoreceptor responds to is determined by the opsin in the photoreceptor.

true

There are stones in the inner ear.

true

Those who suffer from macular degeneration lose clarity of vision provided by the fovea.

true

Which taste modality involves membrane receptors that are coupled to G-proteins? Question 50 options: 1) umami 2) salty 3) sour 4) All apply.

umami

The structures that function in equilibrium are known as the Question 68 options: 1) vestibular apparatus. 2) cochlea. 3) bony labyrinth. 4) organ of Corti.

vestibular apparatus.

Which of the following is NOT part of the organ of Corti? Question 94 options: 1) vestibular membrane 2) tectorial membrane 3) basilar membrane 4) hair cells with sensory fibers

vestibular membrane

Which of the following is a special sense? 1) touch 2) vision 3) pain 4) All apply.

vision

What is the name of the process that re-isomerizes the all-trans retinal back to the 11-cis form? Question 147 options: 1) dark adaptation 2) visual cycle of retinal 3) bleaching reaction 4) dark current

visual cycle of retinal

Retinaldehyde (retinal) is derived from Question 148 options: 1) vitamin A. 2) vitamin C. 3) opsin. 4) vitamin D

vitamin A.

What is found in the posterior cavity of the eyeball? Question 112 options: 1) aqueous humor 2) blood 3) vitreous humor 4) pigment

vitreous humor

Which of the following is NOT a type of cone? Question 157 options: 1) red 2) blue 3) yellow 4) green

yellow